Branding Proposal

Done is a small, personally owned public relations agency that specializes in event activations. C-Ad's strong suits are in image creation, coordinating, promoting and managing public events. The activities that are provided, ensures the client's target customers to understand and remember their brand without having a second to think. Our target customers are start-up business, rising small businesses and expanding businesses.These clients are in need of outsourced public relations in order to gain more information of what the external dimension of their company is in need of. By magnifying our trained, experienced and valued employees, Commanded will definitely earn its spot in the public relations map in advance than planned. Furthermore, by the owner having good relationships in the fashion and entertainment business this will be a competitive advantage on getting the appropriate press for the event activations. Commanded will use the traditional 3 ways of promotion, which are; 1 .Offline marketing Print ads (magazine, newspaper, flyers, posters) Television/ radio commercials Coordinate events for the opening events and get involved with charity work to get some reputation and a name in the industry because normally, charity events involves a lot of pres and celebrities, furthermore, by building a good relationship with the charity companies and celebrities, it will automatically attract the public eye. 2. Online marketing 2. 1 . 2. 2. 2. 3. Twitter, Faceable and Mainstream Pop-up ads E-mail blasts (different from spam) 3.Word of mouth 3. 1 . Relying on the relationship that has been made from events, Commanded are hoping and sure that all of our future customers will be satisfied and will recommend our services to family and friends. Our agency's target audiences are; I Start-up business, New businesses that still do not have any recognition from the community and most importantly from their target customers. Ii Rising small businesses and Small business wh om are known in the coal surroundings market but wants to expand into the bigger community. Ii Expanding businesses Business whom are already known but still wants to branch out, and host opening parties which will involve press and possibly spokes person.

My First Day at University

My first day in buic I remember my first day I had wait all the summer to enter the university. I felt excited and at the same time I was very nervous because it was my first day in the university and I didn't know any person. My first day in the university was good and give my love and pain to me. I didn't know how to find my classroom. I was lost and I had to ask one person the easy way to go to there. This person was very nice and told me the right direction. I wouldn't find my classroom I arrived to classroom late. When I walked on, I saw some people and I felt strange.I approached to one girl and asked for the classroom. It’s so lucky when I knew that we were in the same group, so I felt less nervous. I introduced myself and she also did it, her name is tip. We came in the classroom when the time to start classes began. All our classmates were quiet, nobody talked at all. The teacher arrived early. She started the class and after that we introduced ourselves. There were m any people that came from different areas of over country, they were friendly and interested. tip and I sat closely and talked very much. After that, we spent the rest of the day together until we had to go home.We felt that we have many things in common with each other. Day by day, we have been best friends at university and usually helped each other in studies and also in life. At last ,days ago It was a Saturday when I first saw her. Her brown caramel eyes made my heart skip a beat for I had never seen anything so breathtaking. Her skin was a russet color and her hair was a shady black. That first moment when we saw each other is engraved in my head. I can still hear my heart throbbing loudly in my chest as her eyes landed on me in that small room.We stared at each other as she made her way to the seat in front of me and a smile flicked on her lips to seal that moment. It took a year for me to talk to her; we became best friends but nothing more, nothing that I wanted. Her life w as mine, her thoughts were mine, she was my world and she didn't even know. Everyone said that we had something between us, she always laughed because she never notice how I shatter every time she notice someone else, but what really destroyed me was the day she broke the news that she was leaving and maybe never coming back.I am always going to remember that day because I had the opportunity to meet more people ,especially made friend with tip. Finally, I think it is natural that on the first day we feel nervous, but this always have a happy ending. that's why I believe my first day in the university was very good. My love for her is like the waves in the sea, it comes and it goes and She made me cry but she also made me laugh. But she never come back to me forever.

Military strategist and conflict

Roman versus Medieval Armies Comparing Roman and Medieval Anglo-Saxon armies posit certain novel challenges due to evolutionary changes in military techniques and strategy and the huge time gap of around two thousand years that separated them. For the purpose of study here, we will take into account the military strategy and style deployed by Roman armies of 200 BC, at a time when they constituted most overwhelming military force in the contemporary world and compare them with strategy, styles, techniques used by 13th century Medieval armies of England, France and Saxony. The Roman military strategies of warfare were based on traditions and experience that ran since more than 500 years, evolved through countless campaigns and wars. Their beginning was humble, in form of a local armed tribe set to protect its geographical entity. However, over next centuries they acquired as they acquired skills and experience, they molded themselves in a massive invincible army that was reputed even among its enemies for its technical superiority and tenacity. Army layout: Roman army presented a fully hierarchical structure, like a modern day military, composed of various units and sub-units. Legions marked the largest and fundamental mass units of army with their strength totaling around 6000 men. Each legion was divided in cohorts   that were further subdivided in smaller units of maniples and centuries that comprised 100 soldiers on average. The legions stationed at front contained exclusively heavy infantry, comprising best and most skilled soldiers of the army. On any campaign the army moved through its legions and each of them were responsible for marching, encampment, logistics, and vigilance according to set standards of the army. Warfare strategy: Romans used numerous innovative and unique models within the scope of their traditional model of conducting warfare in triple lines. Hastati formed the first rank, placed closest to enemy lines, principes formed second line and triarii was the last rank that was typically kept as specialist reserved force. The army structure at battlefields was remarkably ordered, with frontline and rear units regularly placed in a way so as to leave no gap in the ranks. The three line system of Roman army provided it crucial maneuvering space, gave it depth and allowed it to bear initial losses to overcome them in later phase of battle. Warfare tactics: The actual combat involved hand to hand battles, shock battles and use of war machinery that threw arrows, stones and fireballs as missiles to enemy army lines. Usually the attack was initiated by Roman war machines where they barraged d opposing army with arrows, spears, and heavy stones. Subsequent to this, heavy infantry was first unit to enter main battle foray and engaged opposition soldiers through hand to hand combat. As fighting units were progressively injured and worn out, they withdrew back into the cushion of three tier structure and they were replaced by fresh units to continue battle. Cavalry was largely used for ornamental warfare, were limited in number and did not take extensive partake in warfare. Logistics: Supplying the army with food and other needs was a major challenge for Roman generals, specially on their long campaigns and given the fact that food production and methods of supplies were very nominal in ancient times. Therefore Roman troops carried most of equipment, including their lodging, clothing on animal carts. Their efficient network meanwhile ensured continued supplies of food and fuel to keep army moving. Compared to ancient Roman military system, the medieval warfare presents significant contrasts, especially in terms of military deployment, strategy and battle tactics. Use of gunpowder and missile technology identified the greatest departure from conventional and largely manual methods of conducting war. The rise of pillage warfare, where armies of one state looted and pillaged other states for purpose of supplies led rise to fortification and siege warfare Army Layout: Medieval army layout deployed long range heavy and light canons in the front line, supported by archers and heavy cavalry that formed main mass of army. Cavalry formed the main fighting force of the army, that comprised men mounted on horses, ready to give charge to enemy flanks. Knights, mounted soldiers with special military training formed an important part of cavalry ranks. Warfare Tactics: Medieval warfare tactics employed extensive use of canons and, towards later age, use of guns to start the first volley of assault. This was followed by charge of cavalry units. Use of horses had given lightening striking potentials to European armies and they used this advantage to launch rapid waves of attacks. In the medieval warfare, role of infantry had been relatively marginalized and their prime purpose was to act as support units at times of large scale siege and inundation of enemy fortification Battle of Cannae Battle of Cannae is considered one of most important ancient military events that is still widely studied and taught in military schools. The battle was part of second Punic war, and it was fought under Carthaginian Hannibal against the might of Roman Empire in 216 century BC. The Roman army was numerically much more superior and had better terrain than army of Hannibal and had enough time to prepare for the oncoming battle. Yet, Hannibal successfully overwhelmed the opposition and handed one of most comprehensive defeat to Roman army in its heydays. The combined Roman and Carthaginian forces combating in battle exceeded 1,40,000: Romans at near 850000, and Carthaginian forces totaling 55000. On the day of battle, Roman generals arranged their army in traditional three rank structure, with infantry placed in center and cavalry placed at side flanks to provide cover. The arrangement displayed traditional Roman affinity for depth, and they planned to use their deployment to cut through center of Hannibal’s forces.   However, the fact that Roman generals had opted for depth, rather than width meant that both armies same frontal appearance, negating the visual aspect of Roman numerical strength. The armies of Hannibal were also at apparent disadvantage with Aufidus River cutting off their chances of Retreat. The entire strategy of Roman generals was based on their previous experience of skirmishes and combats with Hannibal, whom they knew to be a resourceful, and cunning tactician. Hannibal was also ware of weaknesses of his army and the fact that both armies were meeting in open battlefield did not provide him to plan for any possible ambush or surprise maneuver. But Hannibal was also well aware of strengths and weaknesses of his different units and he deployed them strategically at flanks to make their best use. The Roman army moved forward en masse while Hannibal extended his army in line formation providing greater flexibility and inner movement within army flanks.Hannibal used his superior cavalry to defeat and push behind inferior Roman cavalry and then outflank them to attack Roman rear. The pincer movement created panic in Roman flanks and their front lines started to fall on back lines where Carthaginian cavaliers eliminated them. This caused the rear lines to push towards center, creating massive confusion among Roman soldiers. The combined Roman push towards their own center allowed created a situation where they got extremely densely packed, not even leaving them sufficient them to reform, regroup or maneuver their weapons. Meanwhile Carthaginian army had completely encircled Roman forces, and started cutting them down to virtually last man. The battle is still recounted as one with highest number of causalities in a single day. A number of factors contributed to victory of Hannibal, including his superior analysis of situation and his clever use of cavalry and infantry. Hannibal converted the disadvantage of having a river at back to advantage in pushing ahead his forces with full knowledge that Romans could not at least outflank his infantry. Meanwhile, Roman army could retreat through only its left flank, its other retreating chances cut off by Mountains at one side and River at other. Ultimately Romans were left with no chance to escape and Hannibal accomplished one of the greatest military feat in history. Reference Richard A. Gabriel. Donald W. Boose Jr.1994.   The Great Battles of Antiquity: A Strategic and Tactical Guide to Great Battles That Shaped the Development of War. Greenwood Press. Westport, CT. John France. 1999. Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, 1000-1300.   . UCL Press. London. Richard A. Preston, Sydney F. Wise, Herman O. Werner. 1956. History of Warfare and Its Interrelationships with Western Society. Frederick A. Praeger.: New York. Roger Beaumont . 1994. War, Chaos and History. Praeger. Place of Publication: Westport, CT.

Looking at the factors which cause significant movement in property Dissertation

Looking at the factors which cause significant movement in property prices within the UK and Europe' - Dissertation Example There is a variety of journals, press releases, research papers that look into the property market, however not many actually focus on what actually causes the price movements. When we start to look into this, we shall be able to clearly see what the factors are and how they relate. Evidence in the property markets, about returns, yields and price movement behaviours seem to be misunderstood from the traditional investment perspective. Firstly, it must be broken down, to what the actual components are that affect the property price movements and then understand how each of them play a part or if some components have any affect at all. The ‘real’ value of property would be another question all together because of how prices fluctuate from the actual fundamental value. Constant price movements in the market have allowed investors to make predictions and systematically make clear profits. To see what the property market forces are within the UK and Europe, the indices of se veral factors would need to be investigated including: House Price Index Property Yields Unemployment Inflation Gold Price (other investments available) Interest Rates Exchange Rates Property is known for the ‘prudent long term investment’ because of the worthwhile returns alongside the minimized efforts. Looking at these figures will give a good intake on what exactly is forcing the property market to fluctuate and even allow some predictions for the future. Under an efficient market, since the property prices already represent the available information, they will move only when new, unexpected information becomes available. The predictability of the information is impossible as to whether it is good or bad, it is equally impossible to predict the direction in which the property prices will move in the future based on such information. To establish that there are factors which create efficiency of the property market, which implies that at any given point of time the p rices do react to factors within the financial markets of the country and its surroundings. The price fluctuations do react to all the market information positively or negatively depending. †¢ To make a complete report on the above and explore the market which will allow us to see the movements in the past and also make predictions for the future. †¢ To make an in-depth study of all the available literature and make a report on the property market factors and items that contradict. †¢ To present a comprehensive and critical analysis of the property market hypothesis and present arguments to drive home the fact that which factors actually play a part in causing significant property movement. ‘Looking at the factors which cause significant movement in property prices within the UK and Europe’ The Literature Review Supervisor: Bijan Hesni For: Shafeen Shiraz Daya ‘Looking at the factors which cause significant movement in property prices within the UK and Europe’ With the objectives of the study in sight, this part of the dissertation paper makes a detailed review of the available literature on the property market efficiency and the factors of the property market. In order to enable the readers to understand the term market efficiency the following words of Robert

Law of corporate governance question ( Criminalising corporate Essay

Law of corporate governance question ( Criminalising corporate governance failures is a step too far. Discuss ) - Essay Example To begin with, it was established in Salomon v. Salomon and Co. Ltd that a registered corporation is a legal person, separate from its members. This principle may be referred to as the veil of the incorporation. Therefore, the law will not evade this rule and go behind the separate personality of the corporation to the members.1 So many reason exist for corporate officials to hind behind the veil2; one which is to commit fraud, another many be to â€Å"confuse and conceal†3 But there are exceptions to the rule in Salomon’s Case where the veil is lifted, or pieced and the law disregards the corporate entity and pays regards instead to the economic realities behind the legal facade, that is, where the facts supersede form. The exceptions should however be classified between those provided by statute and those provided by law4 Why must the courts lift the veil of the corporation? The sole reason is because maintaining it will cause many problems to criminalize corporate go vernance failure. ... e personality to the individual members or ignores the separate personality of each company in favour of the economic entity constituted by a group of associated companies†6 The courts have adopted a more generalized approach based of the interest of justice as being the guiding light. Thus, Lord Denning M. R was prepared to lift the veil in Wallersteiner v. Moir7. Instead of relying in the interest of justice approach, the Court of Appeal in Adams v. Cape Industries plc8 had applied the test as stated by Lord Keith in Woolfson v. Strathclyde Regional Council9 that the veil would only be pieced where special circumstances exist indicating that it is a mare facade concealing the true facts. Therefore, there must be some improprietory before a veil can be lifted10 such as fraudulent trading11 or wrongful trading12. Instead of relying in the interest of justice approach, the Court of Appeal in the Adams case had applied the test as stated by Lord Reid in the Scottish case of Woolf son v. Strathclyde Regional Council above, that the veil would only be pieced where special circumstances exist indicating that there is a mere facade concealing the true facts. The case, like Adams concerned the issue as to whether a group of companies ought to be looked upon as a single company for the purposes of instituting legal proceedings. The court’s position is therefore even becoming clearer. There must and forever be some evidence of imporprietory. On the other hand, where the existence of some improprietory cannot be established, the courts will never lift the veil. Therefore, and in such cases, the company cannot be criminalized. This approach was taken by Toulson J in Yukong Line Ltd v. Rendsburg Investment Corporation13. A similar approach was also taken in the case of Ord v.

Business Function Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Business Function - Essay Example In the second category, the enterprise is not registered with the relevant authority as a business. It comprises two types of ventures: This is the oldest, most common, and most basic business type. As the name suggests, this type of enterprise is owned and managed by one person, who is in charge of all operations conducted on behalf of the business. Since it is the easiest to start, it manifests in form of small retailers and utilities like beauty services, photographers, repairs and maintenance, transport, cleaning, etc (Akdeniz, 2013:16). This type of business is inexpensive to start and, as a result, is often supported by the founder’s savings until growth necessitates external funding. In its simplest form, a partnership resembles a sole trader, with the only difference occurring in the sharing of ownership (Gevurtz, 2014:21). All partnerships should have partnership agreements that explain the rights and responsibilities of the various partners involved. In light of this, there are different types of partners, who are all covered by the partnership agreement. For example, there may be dormant, â€Å"sleeping,† or quasi partners, who own a share of the enterprise but are not actively involved in its management (Cornell, 2013:36). Partnerships have unlimited liability, and are common in careers like accountancy, dentistry, medical practice, law, etc. Starting in 2001, there has been a new type of partnership known as a limited liability partnership. This is like a hybrid of a partnership and a limited company, since it has limited liability (like all limited companies) but must be owned by not less than two members (making it a partnership). Limited liability partnerships, also known as LLPs, are formed to aid professional partnerships among doctors, dentists, lawyers, accountants, and others, who are barred from forming limited companies because of constraints imposed by their professional

International Business- Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International Business- Culture - Essay Example For example; GlaxoSmithKline, a pharmaceutical giant has an intensive training program for managers and other employees in international assignments, which is better termed as AI (Wolper, 2004). The AI program has been strategically designed to ensure employees relocating to foreign countries are well aware of the new cultures; AI prepares them for any difficulties that would be encountered. The incentives are offered to encourage them to take the new assignments because; a research by Oudenhoven & De Boer (1995) observed that managers tend to have a stronger preference for doing business in countries with similar cultures to avoid such stresses of dealing with diverse cultures, which has been defined as a problem in current management of multinationals. The company has therefore to undergo an added cost to ensure such managers are motivated in taking their new assignments in such new environments. Language and aesthetics Language barriers in communication refer to the different lang uages and dialectics used in different countries and by different communities. ... er it refers to understanding the meaning of different symbolic behaviors by different people when communicating and how such symbolic meanings refer to which mostly is a challenge faced by managers in International business. Learning to communicate effectively and decoding symbolic communication in many cultures is necessary to enhance effective communication. Communication effectiveness depends on two aspects; high and low context communication (Schneider & Barsoux, 2002). High context communication implies that message will not require any background information, while in a low context communication , more information has to be given in the message for it to be effective (Schneider & Barsoux, 2002). Countries that exhibit more individualism as Hooker elaborates have low context communicant, while countries that exhibit collectivism have high context communication. In low context communication, the people will need signs and other images to remind them, or to communicate of a parti cular message, while in low context cultures, such is not required as individuals have values that enable them to assimilate such communication as a norm. Behavioral norms are more entrenched in such high context communication such that all are supposed to know and understand their norms to avoid breaking them and getting to the wrong side of the law. As explained earlier, Mexicans are a masculine society that finds more pleasure in saving face especially for a male employee. Direct confrontation with such people is therefore not appreciated; communication has to be in such a way that the individual will feel respected and save their face. Likewise Malays are a people who observe culture and exhibit high context communication. For example, using the left hand to give something or point

Racism in football Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Racism in football - Essay Example In Cashmore’s book Black Sportsmen, he identifies many factors which have influenced blacks and contributed to their decision to enter the field of sport. Firstly, Cashmore attempts to illustrate and empathise with the tendency for black families to be unstable. How many African/ Caribbean children have been raised in a broken home by a lone parent, typically the mother? By the age of 13 or 14, the child tends to seek out a father figure. In many cases, this results in them building a relationship with their coaches. This relationship/bond usually lasts until the child becomes an adult and is ready to face the real world on their own. â€Å"The surrogate father guides his protà ©gà © through his turbulent teens into his twenties when he develops into a mature and secure sportsman with an abundance of technique and conviction challenging enough to take him to success † (Cashmore, 1982: 79). The majority of afro/Caribbean children did enter sport through the encouragement and support received from coaches and trainers. However, it was only a small proportion that became successful as they held the vital physical assets such as strength and speed. In essence, black parents tended to neglect their child’s development in sport. They generally offered no encouragement and at times made it obvious that they had no interest in sport. Carlos Francis (black footballer) commented on the influence of his parents: â€Å"They’ve never even seen me play. They gave me no encouragement at all and didn’t even realise I was so into football. Even now they don’t take an active interest† (Cashmore, 1982:81). As Cashmore goes on to explain the reasons behind the lack of support, he elaborates on the fact that black parents tend to be pre-occupied in maintaining a material existence, and trying their very best to make ends meet. Most parents were uneducated; when they migrated over they had taken up the work that was made available to them. These

News Paper summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

News Paper summary - Essay Example In the case of the S&P 500, analysts predicted a modest and steady growth of around 4-5%. However, the case that has been realized is one that shows a continual growth rate of up to 7% year to date; with more than half of 2014 still left to unfold. This creates a situation in which analysts further indicate that a high likelihood for retraction and negative growth exists within the market; due in part to the fact that stocks have risen too quickly and the market will find it necessary to adjust itself to the new realities at hand. The article illustrates the relevant conflict of interest that exists for many large banking/investment organizations within the current global marketplace. Even as J.P. Morgan Chase indicates that it had no direct training or supervision by its staff members to lead clients towards J.P. Morgan Chase banking solutions as compared to those of their competitors, the potential for this to take place illustrates the danger that conflict of interest has in a market that is increasingly less saturated and increasingly less diverse. This article illustrates the way in which the rise of China is being reflected within the banking and investment sector. As investors seek to hedge their bets, the desire to hold foreign currency of a rising China has come to be a hallmark of hedge fund management and wealth integration. The case of Luxemburg serves as a perfect example of how globalization and the decreasing importance of the dollar is being exhibited on the global stage. Finally, the short article concerning Herbalife details the interesting dynamic that exists between negative publicity and publicity. As one of the initial investors of Herbalife has come to view the entire firm as nothing more than a pyramid scheme, his antics to discredit the company have in fact earned the company more revenue with each petulant episode that is illustrated within

Gardasil Vaccine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gardasil Vaccine - Essay Example While one side of the pharmaceutical industry argues and pushes for the drug to become mandatory, there is another side of the industry that asks the world to wait. Merck & Co., a world-class pharmaceutical company that markets various vaccines, is currently marketing the Gardasil vaccine. All its products are tried, tested and accepted in the markets with a lot of confidence. Till now Merck has provided some of the best vaccines to the world. Officials state that with the growing number of cases of cervical cancer, Garadasil would dramatically improve longevity and quality of life for many. The vaccine would not only protect people from the HPV infection, but will also help the 6 million cases affected every year2. The HPV vaccine is designed to protect against strains 6, 11, 16 and 18; which together cause 90% of HPV cases (National Cancer Institute). The company is currently on an awareness program called One less and as per Bev Lybrand, vice president & general manager, HPV Franchise, GARDASIL, Merck Vaccine Division, "The full public health benefit of reducing the burden of cervical cancer and HPV disease may be achieved through broad publ ic awareness and vaccination with GARDASIL, which is the driving force behind One Less." The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as of Jun... A vaccine or drug comes for FDA approval after a battery of clinical tests and phases of study. After the approval of Gardasil, Andrew C. von Eschenbach, MD, Acting Commissioner of Food and Drugs was noted to say that, 'This vaccine is a significant advance in the protection of women's health in that it strikes at the infections that are the root cause of many cervical cancers" (June 8, 2006, FDA News). Later in June, the vaccine was approved for usage on children as young as nine years old (Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices3). Cons The National Vaccine Information Center (NVIC) formed by the parents of vaccine-injured children is a leading critic of vaccines made compulsory for all people across ages. It also seriously considers the lack of research and fundamental principles that often organizations overlook. The NVIC has called upon the ACIP of CDC to inform them to refuse the universal application of Gardasil. As per them, Merck's clinical trials have not proved the vaccine to be safe for young girls. While the drug has been approved for usage in children from nine years onwards, statistics show that only a small pool of 250 pre teens were tested with Garadasil. NVIC president Barbara Loe Fisher, even went on to say that, "Merck and the FDA have not been completely honest with the people about the pre-licensure clinical trials." Many religious conservatives also do not agree with making the vaccine mandatory as they feel that it may encourage unsafe sex. Health freedom organizations are a growing force today and have been formulated to fight the political power that pharmaceutical companies leverage to sell their products in the market. Many of these organizations question the importance and viability of the vaccine which

Discrimination in the workforce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discrimination in the workforce - Essay Example 35). In education, dissemination affects not only the staff, but also teacher-student relations and interaction. Dissemination can take the form of iintentionally harmful actions or prescribed action which limit equal opportunities or humiliate an employee. Also, Elkins (1963) and Sowell (1971) suppose that discrimination was influenced by the period of slavery and racial inequalities (Taylor 1998). Barbara Bergmann (1974) argues that dissemination is a result of the market structure which consists of skilled and non-skilled workforce. Unskilled and low-paid workforce is usually presented by black and minority employees (Taylor 1998). Discrimination and an increase in out-migration of whites from neighborhoods as larger numbers of blacks arrive are the major explanations for black-white segregation. Prejudices and discrimination is due to misunderstandings about the significance of a biological sense of "race" and racist ideas transmitted across generations and based on 'lower biolog ical quality' of African populations. The main cause of segregation and racism is the cultural superiority of "whites" based on their cultural heritage and absence of 'white' slavery. Most Africa-Americans are seen as "lower" class people in contras to "elite" class of whites (Harvey and Allard 2004). Discrimination in the workplace has deep roots. Dissemination by race was eliminated in 1863 by 13th Amendment which made slavery illegal. In 1868, 14th Amendment announced equal protection of all citizens in all states. During the first half of the XX century, black people and racial minorities experienced discriminated in wages and work conditions; they were deprived a chance to receive good education and compete with white majority (Harvey and Allard 2004). Till the middle of the XX century, women occupied clerical jobs and were not promoted to administrative positions. Actions against discrimination go back to 1941 when F. Roosevelt "encouraged minority employment by ordering defence contractors to cease discriminatory hiring" (Yates, n.d.). Further, the policy of anti-discrimination was developed by Lyndon Johnson in 1965 when he "put teeth into minority hiring rules for government contractors' (Yates, n.d.). The next amendments took place under the presidency of J. Kennedy who introduced Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) "establishing to investigate contractors' practices, impose sanctions, collect employment statistics, and ensure compliance with government regulations" (Yates, n.d.). Pre-war period (immigration act was introduced in 1924) was marked by racial prejudices and stereotyping against Asian Americans. The main areas of discrimination were family, religion, criminal justice, education and job opportunities. WWII - 1965 marked a new stage in workforce relations. During this period of time, many low class people entered educational established and found high paid jobs. In response to the growing demand for equal rights, Congress enacted major pieces of modern civil rights legislation during the 1960s that have taken the country an enormous step closer to realizing the promises of the first Reconstruction. These modern statutes, protect racial minorities against most forms of public and private discrimination in employment,

Cessna Headquarters, Wichita, Kansas Essay Example for Free

Cessna Headquarters, Wichita, Kansas Essay The words â€Å"Cessna Skyhawk† have special meaning for anyone who has ever wanted to learn to fly. At 27 feet long and 8 feet tall, with a 36-foot wingspan, a 140 mph cruising speed, and room for two adults and their luggage, more people have learned to fly with a Cessna Skyhawk than with any other plane in aviation history. In fact, the Cessna Skyhawk is the best-selling plane of all time. Clyde Cessna built his first plane in 1911, and Cessna became a storied name in aviation. Cessna built 750 gliders for the army in World War II, introduced the Skyhawk in 1956, produced the first turbo-charged and cabin-pressurized single-engine planes in the 1960s, delivered its first business jet in the 1970s, topped $1 billion in sales in the 1980s, and then, in one of the worst downturns in the history of aviation business, nearly went out of business over the next decade and a half. Sales of general aviation aircraft, which had topped out at 17,000 planes per year, dropped to 12,000 planes within a year, and over the next decade finally hit rock bottom at 928 planes for the entire industry. During the same time, Cessnas sales of piston-engine planes, like the Skyhawk, dropped from 8,000 per year to just 600. Cessna was forced to lay off 75 percent of the employees at its piston-engine plane factories (Cessna also makes business jets and larger planes) and eventually stopped making piston-engine planes altogether. However, after the economy improved and the U.S. government approved the General Aviation Revitalization Act (barring product liability lawsuits on any plane over 18 years old), Cessna decided to start building its legendary Skyhawks again.

The Thousands Of Idioms In English

The Thousands Of Idioms In English Introduction Language is a major feature of a nation. English language has developed hundreds of thousands of idioms. It has been estimated that about 7,000 idioms are used by a native speakers per week (Cooper, 1999, p. 249). At the same time, grasping idioms can be a great asset to learners in acquiring a new language (Celce-Murcia Larsen-Freeman, 1999, p.36). Idioms are extraordinarily difficult for their flexible structures and figurative meanings (Liu, 2003, p.675). For example, the meaning of high horse has nothing to do with high and horse but means an arrogant people. According to the surface meaning, second language learners can hardly tell its meanings. Also, Language is the most important communication tool. People use language to preserve and transmit human civilization, that is, language conveys the culture. Sapir (1921) observed that culture can be defined as what a human community does and thinks. The function of language is to explain what a thought is. Therefore, language does not exist alone. It is rooted in national culture and reflects national institutions. If culture is regarded as the cradle of language, animal idioms can be seen as the crystallization of culture. Animal idioms are plentiful in English. They prominently reflect English culture. For a long period, studies on animal idioms mainly focus on translation, cross-cultural comparison, literature, and so on. However, there are few studies on English animal idioms acquisition linking to British culture. Animal idioms, like a mirror, can clearly reflect the characteristics of a national culture. Generally speaking, anthropologists are divided into three levels of culture: high culture, popular culture, deep culture. High culture includes philosophy, literature, art and religion. Popular culture refers to customs, etiquette and the interpersonal aspects of life. Deep culture contains the meaning of beauty and ugliness, time orientation, problem-solving methods (Yin Li Han Xiaoling, 2007). High culture and popular culture belong to low context culture; deep culture belongs to high context culture. In this thesis, the key point is to investigate whether the Chinese English learners can unde rstand the low context culture by examining the command of animal idioms. High context culture is out of the scope of this project. Literature Review Culture and Language There are a large number of definitions in culture, but a few of them can be reviewed. The most classical definition of culture is made by Edward B. Tylor (1871), the father of cultural anthropology. The definition describes the culture as a center of society, which is regarded as the first important anthropological theory about culture. Tylor provided that culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of a society. He believed that culture is shared by all mankind, all community. Then, following the definitions of sociologists, they believe that culture refers to human attitudes, institutions, and beliefs etc. Reflecting the life of a human community is the key point in culture. Williams (1965) mentions that the definition of culture contains three general categories. First, culture is a state or process of human performance and has certain universal values. Second, culture is the body of intellectual and imaginative work. It records human thought and experience. Finally, third, culture refers to a society, that is, culture expresses certain meanings and values in peoples life. It is not only in art and learning but also in custom and ordinary behavior. Also, Deng and Liu (2007) point out that culture illustrates the ways of a people, that is to say, culture refers to the entire way of life of a society. Language is the carrier of culture which contains peoples daily life. Writing in 1950, Luo Changpei who was a famous linguist and educator in China recognizes that language is a crystallization of national culture, which spreads the past, pushes the future. Each language is a living fossil to a nation. Language as the main material has the most direct and close contact to build a culture. Furthermore, language is used for communication. It is impossible to use a language without awareness of its culture. That is to say, language can be a signal to identify different cultures. When language used by particular speakers, it conveys certain context which is how words be chosen, why to choose it, what meaning can be expressed. Language cannot exist without carrying culture meaning. Given the arguments above, the relationship between language and culture can be described as follows: language come from culture and culture embodies the entire way of life of a society. Using language can promotes cultural spread and culture can promote language development. Language and culture work closely and influence each other. Expressing facts, ideas, or events and reflecting the peoples attitudes, beliefs etc. are the most important function of a language. Language exchange actually is cultural communication. Learning a language well must be aware of its culture. Studies on Idioms Smith L.P. (1925, p.167) points out that there is the element of enrichment which is of greater importance, which comes from popular, free and unschooled English. This element consists of what people call idioms. Smith also defines its use in this connection. Idiom is sometimes used to describe the form of speech peculiar to a people or nation; idiom for the meaning is expressed by the French word idiotisme, that is to say, those forms of expression, of grammatical construction, or of phrasing, which are peculiar to a language, and approved by its usage, despite the meanings they convey are often different from their grammatical or logical signification. Makkais Idiom Structure in English, an extended version of his doctorial thesis (1965), identifies two major types of idioms: one is encoding; another is decoding. Makkai finds a rationale to explain this division. The headword listed in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) (1970) is sense 3a, which also appears in an identical form in the OED (1989): A form of expression grammatical construction, phrase etc., peculiar to a language; a peculiarity of phraseology approved by the usage of a language, and often having significance other than its grammatical or logical one ( cited from Fernando C., 1996, p.3-4). According to Moon Rosamund (1998:4), narrower uses restrict idiom to a particular kind of unit: one is fixed and semantically opaque or metaphorical, for examples, as white as a sheet or cold shoulder. In broader uses, idiom is a general term for many kinds of multiword item, no matter semantically opaque or not. For animal idioms, the form is usually loose, and it mainly focuses on figurative meanings rather than literal meaning, for examples, put the cart before the horse, or straight from the horses mouth. English idioms with the strong feature of rhetoric are formed from long-tem use and their structures are unique and have fixed expression. It contains proverbs, sayings, slangs, and allusions, etc. There are two important characteristics of idioms: one is semantic unity, that is, the overall meaning cannot be tracked from each word, for example, pull all ones eggs in one basket. It means the desperate situation not the surface meaning. Another is the structure of fixity, that is, its structure cannot be altered arbitrarily, for example, kick the bucket. It cannot say kick the pail or be used in the passive voice- the bucket is kicked (Wang Benhua, 2010). Animal idioms and British culture There is a close relationship between animals and peoples lives. On the one hand, animal is the main source of food and clothing for human; the other hand, kinds of animals represent certain images which people pay homage to them. These animals reflect human thought and contain certain national culture. There are three bases to make animal vocabularies to cause cultural meanings. First, derive from animals appearances, physical structure, mentality, behavior. Second, come from cultural content such as fables, legends, religions, physical geography, and customs. Third, be created by association, that is to say, animals are associated with another things which relate to potential cultural psychology (Liao Guangrong, 2000). In the perspective of linguistics, animal images used in idioms have figurative meaning. Idioms linked to animals usually contain metaphors. Animals denote and connote supposed qualities. These qualities are applied to people and human situations. There is a phenomen on that no idiom database contains animal or insect, although many contain hyponyms such as cat, dog, or horse. The reason may be that general words such as animal are too neutral to cause these kinds of institutionalized metaphors, despite the fact that both animal and insect are used in other contexts with metaphorical meanings (Moon, R., 1998, p.196). In the meantime, the formation of animal idioms relies on culture. According to the arguments mentioned above, culture refers to all aspects of a people such as geographical situation, the style of production, and literature etc. In the history, Great Britain was the overlord in the sea. Despite the Europe, other continents were the British colonies. Therefore, British nation could contact with many animal species. Britain is surrounded by islands. Due to the abundant resources from physical geography, animal idioms flourished in the early years of that century. Thereby, English idioms have close contact with sea and fishing, for example, hook ones fish. Comparing with China, Great Britain is filled with small mountains and strait lands. In ancient Britain, horses are main tillable force. The function of horses is above all. Thus, there is particularly large number of horse-related idioms, such as horse of another color, an iron horse, or horse sense etc. In ancient China, the cattle played a significant role. That is why so many idioms related to cattle in China, for examples, niu qi chong tian  ¼Ã…’feng ma niu bu xiang ji etc. These cattle and horses have been portrayed by cultural connotation. In addition, some animal images come from Greek and Roman mythology or Bible, like serpent which means Satan in Bible (Zhao Shuyun, 2010). Animal idioms related studies In the second language learning, correctly using idioms has always been regarded as a tough problem. A learner must recognize the fix structures and given meaning, not only the literal meaning but also the figurative meaning. Figurative meaning refers to metaphors which have close relationship with culture. Whats more, animal idioms are more flexible and oral orientation. It is not easy for second language learners to breach the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic barriers in idiom learning. Blasko and Connine (2002) made an experiment in comparing Malay and English to investigate second language figurative proficiency. They found two results as follows: First, figurative expressions with an equivalent conceptual basis and linguistic form are the easiest; Second, figurative expressions with an equivalent linguistic form but a different conceptual basis are the most difficult. Lin Weiyan (2003) designed a project to investigate English idiom learning in different cultural background. H e observes that English idioms with same figurative meaning as Chinese are easy to understand comparing with different figurative meaning as Chinese. That is to say, if the English idioms are similar to Chinese ones in expression and meaning, mother tongue will make effectively transfer; if not, mother tongue will make negative transfer. Wu Xudong and Chen Bin (2006) quickly came to the conclusion that the process of conceptual and cultural transfer is the process of comprehending English animal idioms, and Chinese English learners has low capability to comprehend English animal idioms with different metaphors. From the presented studies above, it can be concluded that commanding idioms, especially animal idioms is one of the big obstacles in second language learning. Chinese English learners have the advantage and disadvantage of understanding animal idioms, because there are some similar figurative meanings. But due to the learning environment, Chinese English learners have low capabilities to command animal idioms. Research Question Can the command of English animal idioms promote Chinese English Learners to understand British culture? Hypothesis Due to the relationship with language, animal idioms and culture, command of English animal idioms can promote Chinese English Learners to understand British culture.

Types of Communication and the Barriers

Types of Communication and the Barriers Definition, Types of communication Communication is known as a medium of communicating, is a simple act of transferring information from point A to point B. Although this definition can sound as simple as it is, but when it differentiate the different type of communication it become more complex. Spoken, Verbal/ Non Verbal Communication Communication can be known as spoken, and it is called as verbal communication, an effective verbal or spoken communication depends on the clarity of speech, the listening skill of the listener. Verbal communication can either be face to face, through radio and also television. On the other hand, non verbal communication would be depending on the body language of someone, the gestures when they’re talking. Interpersonal communication does not only contain of words but also movement of the speaker, non verbal communication are most likely to contain messages that are conveyed by the speaker. Non verbal communication can consist of face expression, the tone of speaking, and the body language displayed on the speaker while he/she is speaking. The non verbal communication gives a lot more of clues and information about someone compared to verbal communication. Writing Skills Writing skills is also another important part of communication; good writing skills can allow you to send your message to the audience through face to face or even through writing. Correct grammar, spelling and punctuation is crucial in writing skills, for example, when you’re writing a CV to apply for a job in a hotel, the better the writing skills the higher the chances you will get the job. Visualizations We could also communicate by visual graphs such as charts or graph, logos, and other form of visualisation figure. This is mainly used during a conference or a meeting to send information of the company or the data, for example the annual sales of the hotel or the marketing plan of the hotel. Social Media Social media is also a form of communication to interact, using the network and applications that are commonly used examples, emails, Whatsapp, Wechat, Facebook. We can easily interact with anyone at anytime. The network have created a zero distance for us, for example, having video conferencing meeting with the head quarters of the company that are in United Kingdom when the office is in Singapore. The network has been the greatest creation ever to break almost every communication barriers that we have. Communication barriers Communication between two individuals can be simple if there’s not much barriers between them, but there are huge differences between talking and communicating. When we communicate, we can successfully in getting the points that the other person is trying to say on the other hand, when we talk, we would just ignore the barriers that might hinder the ability to communicate between each other. There are seven different types of communication barriers to more effective communicating, this includes Physical barriers Emotional barriers Cultural barriers Genders barriers Interpersonal barriers Perceptual barriers Language barriers There are a few reason that might have been the main barriers among human communication, for example the main reason why we can easily encounter communication barriers is due to the language differences that we might speak, even if we could speak the same language, the differences of the accent might come unfamiliar to us and it might be quite hard to understand. On the other hand, another reason why communication will fail it may be lack of interest of the person which is talking or the listener might have distractions from the other people nearby or even the noises of the crowds. Another misjudgement of common error is that people tend to expect what they hear rather than what is actually being spoken and jumping straight into inaccurate conclusions. Physical barriers The environment has been one of the main reason that causes physical barriers among employees and employers, for example, if the environment in the hotel isn’t quiet, the speaker isn’t talking in a loud voice, the listener wouldn’t be able to hear what messages is being delivered. Distance also plays an important role. For example, if the organisation in the company is made to sit in different floors or departments in the hotel, they likely would have difficulties on communicating face to face and due to long term relying on technology such as phone calls and emails; it distances the relationship of the employees and employers. Emotional barriers In a workplace, facing staffs and bosses might be a stressful task. Maintaining a good relationship in the workplace is crucial. According to Bud Craig,(2008) the classical emotions such as anger and fear, will always leads an individual to fight or fail to cooperate, therefore this is why working in an environment that does not make us happy and make us felt mistreated will lead the employees to lost interest and brings out negative impact. Cultural barriers Working in the hotel, there might be employees of different group age; every different age group would have different ways and perception of working. The age group of people would always have conflicts of describing older workers as â€Å"out of touch’ and those who just went into the organisation would be criticised by the older workers as ‘slackers’ during work time and not constantly focussing on work. Another reason of cause of cultural barriers is that the staffs would always believe in status and resistance in any sort of work place, staffs who assumed themselves as seniority status may find it hard to adapt into environments where the job tittles might be de-emphasized. Gender barriers According to Heather R,(2005), being well aware of the following generalizations will always help the organisation to have more effectively in the work place, for examples, women staffs would likely talk about people, and on the other hand, male staffs like to talk about tangible things such as sports, food and drinks. Women staffs ask many questions to gain an understanding on an issue that they are not clear about while men staffs always gives information more than asking questions Women staffs focus on feelings and senses, while man staffs always focus on the facts and the logic of problems. Interpersonal barriers The lack of desire on participating organisation events might be another reason of interpersonal barriers, Some staffs of the older age would be more frustrated on work and do not really like to socialise among the community in the company. Some other staffs who might be an introvert might also have unwillingness to explore, giving out new ideas during staffs meetings, or even speaking out the own views of the organisation, in the long run, this may lead to more unwillingness on working and even extremely frustrating among themselves. Perceptual barriers As human, we always have our own preferences, self values, different attitudes and we see it as a own kind of â€Å"flitters† in making decisions and perception of thinking. Thinking in our own â€Å"filters† and ignoring other’s opinion may lend to all sort of assumptions and misunderstanding. Language barriers Working in the front office in the hotel industry, one must be fluent in different types of languages, while people in Malaysia can usually speak more than 3 different languages and dialects, the dialectal differences will make communicating with different individuals harder. Language disabilities are the physical impediments to languages, we could not talk person which have dysphonia or how have hearing loss. According to the Rwanda Development Board, (2008) indicates that around 85,730 of the staffs in the hospitality sector are not fluent in foreign languages and therefore have less efficacy on customer service. It is also identified that language deficiency is the major problem of the hindering growth in the hospitality industry. I went to a hotel nearby my house to interview the front desk manager about the barriers that might occur working in the hotel line. Questionnaire and Answers How long have you been working in this profession? According to Ms.Cheng, (2015) she have been working in the hotel industry for more than 20 years. How did you first get into this profession? According to Ms. Cheng, (2015) she stated that her mother used to be a hotelier for her whole life, her mother inspired her to become a person like her mom, being a hotelier that cares for the people, a dedicated staff and one who try her best to serve and satisfy the need of the people who lives in the hotel. Do you like your job? Ms Cheng is a really responsible worker and she never shown up late before for the past years of working. What is the toughest problem that you have encountered so far? Stated by Ms. Cheng, (2015), working to serve the community isn’t an easy job, people all throughout the world have different cultures and beliefs, but the hardest problem to cope with is the attitude of rude or bad mannered guests. What kind of communication barrier that will affect the job working in the front line of the hotel industry? Ms Cheng stated that the language barriers is the main problem to communicate among guests, because when we do not understand the language that is being spoke, we can’t communicate and this will lead the guest to lose their temper leaving a bad impression to the company. When problems occurred, what does the organisation do to help solve the problems? The company would do their best to settle the situation of satisfaction or misunderstanding between the guest and the staffs. (Cheng, Interview) What are the ways to avoid having these circumstances working in the hotel line? When interviewed on 4th May 2015, Ms Cheng confirmed that hiring only experienced staffs with higher education level is as important as hiring staffs that have good ethics, personality, and the company should be really serious on picking people to join the company and even conduct an evaluating between the people that are in-charged in the organisation before hiring new staffs to the company. What is the main reason that communication breakdown often happens in working front line? Cheng (2015) made the claim those companies not only in the hotel industry nowadays often hires foreigner workers that are from Bangladesh, Nepal to work, and as for foreigners they do not speak our national language well or even any other language such as Chinese, English and the main reason why organisation still hire them is because the wages that is needed to hire a foreigner worker is lower than hiring the people from our own country, it helps to cut down the cost and budgets for the company and hence leads to more and more barriers to be faced during working period. Conclusion and Recommendations In this task, I have learnt that how a company communicates among the employee and how an organization work together. Besides, I learned that communication barriers come in different ways such as language carriers, cultural barriers, and emotional barriers and so on. Throughout the questionnaire and listening upon the interviewer’s answers based on the questions I have asked, I realised that effective communication is the key of managing a good company to success because a company that is poor in communication will always lead to ultimately misunderstandings. According to Forbes, (2009) problem solving is the greatest enabler for growth and opportunity. This is why they say failure serves as the greatest lesson in business and in life. In my own opinion, realising the problem is the first step to success, knowing the problems of the company, analyzing why problems occur and performing appropriate action to fix the problem as soon as possible. In my own opinion, realising the p roblem is the first step to success, knowing the problems of the company, analyzing why problems occur and performing appropriate action to fix the problem as soon as possible.

My Philosophy of Teaching Essay -- Graduate College Admissions Essays

My Philosophy of Teaching    As an undergraduate, I was a teaching assistant for several psychology courses, including introductory psychology, behavioral statistics and research methods. My first teaching experience was as a Teaching Assistant for statistics; I now believe that this is where my individual teaching philosophy began taking shape.    As a teaching assistant for behavioral statistics, I was exposed to the student's outlook on the material, in which a lack of enthusiasm for statistics was undoubtedly portrayed. The message was clear: seemingly uninteresting and inapplicable material equals uninterested students. The students that I assisted did not believe that this material would clearly impact their lives; they did not see a meaning or purpose in comprehending or learning the material aside from dutifully collecting a grade at the end of the semester.    Even as an undergraduate student, I was saddened by the lack of enthusiasm by other students for learning a topic that I felt could benefit everyone. Since that time, I have slowly develop...

The Politics of Representation: Social Work Lessons From the Advocacy

The Politics of Representation: Social Work Lessons From the Advocacy Planning Movement In urban planning's new political awareness, representation became a social responsibility issue. This new understanding of politics and social responsibility in urban planning may have brought boundary interaction between planners and other professions, such as social work†¦ Introduction In his 1995 article, Andrew Abbott explores his evolving conception of the social work profession. As we approach the new millennium, Abbott's conception becomes strikingly relevant. In brief review, Abbott's first notion posits that social work is a profession of interstitiality. In this context, social workers translate and mediate between collogues in highly technical professions and their own social work clients. Abbott refers to this relationship as a "social work of boundaries" (Abbott, 1995). As the boundaries between other professions change, the social work interstitiality changes as well - coined by Abbott "the boundaries of social work." Abbott writes; "the function of social work, like those of other professions, emerged from a continuous conflict and change" (Abbott, 1995, p. 552). As examples, Abbott related aspects of conflicts in which social work gained or lost "sub-fields" to neighboring professions. Abbott's third conception admits that both of his previous notions fail to address the origin of the modern social work profession. In his subsequent exploration of social work origins, Abbott suggests that other professions solidified before social work did, creating the boundaries from which social work emerged (Abbott, 1995). Abbott's three conceptions share the theme that social work does not stand alone as a professi... ...e and the Urban Crisis. New York: Pantheon Books. Piven, F. F. & Cloward, R. A. (1971). Regulating the Poor: Functions of Public Welfare. New York: Pantheon Books. Piven, F. F., Cloward, R. A. (1988). Why Americans Don't Vote. New York: Pantheon Books. Planners Network. (1999). What is planners network? Planners Network Online. http://www.plannersnetwork.org/. Planning 58 (3). (March 1992). APA News, 36-38. Reiner, J. S., Reimer, E., & Reiner, T. A. (1963). Client analysis and the planning of public programs. Journal of the American Institute of Planning 29 (4), 270-282. Wachs, M., ed. (1985). Ethics in Planning. New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy. Webber, M. M. (1973). Comprehensive planning and social responsibility: Toward an AIP consensus on the profession's roles and purposes. Journal of the American Institute of Planning, 232-241.

Homo Erectus: Pyro Technology Essay

The Homo erectus lineage consisted of the first human beings that controlled fire, or pyro technology, to sustain life. In this case fire was their lifeline, and without it there may not have been the continuation of human life as we know it. Physical evidence of fire making preserved at early sites of Homo erectus caves proved they were able to contain and control the flames. Origins of fire making are speculated from many hypotheses of archaeologists. Fire making became their lifestyle, and with fire the Homo erectus maintained a stable heat and light source. In early Homo erectus times these beings lived in caves in Southern Africa. In these caves evidence of fire use was discovered and examined by Kenneth Oakley and his colleagues, but the evidence was inconclusive (Clark and Harris 7). Eventually more Homo erectus sites were found and were also searched for possible fire making utilities and products of their fire making tools. In three sites of eastern and southern Africa, Clark discovered remains of burnt bone of a catfish and charred logs, along with other burned plant materials and rare fire-fractured quartzite (Clark and Harris 7). These discoveries revealed many uses of fire to the Homo erectus. Cleary the burnt bone of catfish shows that Homo erectus gained knowledge of cooking raw meats. Materials left behind such as the charred logs probably indicated their source to keep the fire burning as long as they needed. Fire in human nature has always been a fear and still is, but humans have learned to understand and control fire to their will. In Kenneth Feder’s book â€Å"The Past in Perspective an Introduction to Human Prehistory† he stated that â€Å"Homo erectus was our first ancestor able to control fire due to the evidence founded at an 800,000 year old site in Gesher Benot Ya ‘aqov, in Israel. Strong evidence has been found there such as burned seeds, wood, and even flint† (110). The capabilities of having controlled fire drew the existence of the human lineage further down in time. This controlled fire helped human species adapt to new environments with the protection of the warmth of flame and the light it provided. Fire also protected these beings from animals of the wild, keeping them off the food chain with a better chance to survive. Even cooking raw meats became possible through trial and error. â€Å"The ability to cook also helps with their digestive tract breaking down food easier with less energy to do so† (Feder 110). The origin of fire making in the Homo erectus time period is truthfully uncertain. It is clear however that fire had been provided either by nature or by they themselves learning how to build up a fire. Through observation of hitting specific stones together they could have possibly learned fire building this way. Even though there isn’t much evidence of whether or not the Homo erectus could build a fire or not, there are sites showing evidence that suggest they were capable of constructing a fire. In Chesowanja, Kenya there is a site where there were stone artifacts, fossilized faunal remains, and baked clay clasts that were recovered in situ from fine grained clayey silt deposits found outcropping in the Chemoigut Formation (Clark and Harris 12). Even though this evidence is believed to be man-made there is no actual proof that suggests these products were done with man-made fire. Fire making was the difference between Homo habilis and Homo erectus. The capability of fire making and use completely altered human life and then carved into the human lineage. The Homo erectus had fire to keep them warm from the harsh conditions of the winter and cold climates they would encounter. Eventually the Homo erectus would learn how to use fire for foods and simplistic tool crafting. According to Gascoigne â€Å"It will be many millennia before fire is adapted to any purpose other than for warmth and for roasting meat and root vegetables. But more than 250,000 years ago hunters realize that the sharpened point of a wooden spear can be hardened by charring it in embers†. All the knowledge of fire that the Homo erectus acquired from their lifetime was clearly passed onto all human species that came after themselves. Fire gave the Homo erectus the power needed to control and adapt to new environments. Protection with the use of fire helped the Homo erectus protect themselves from wild animals they encountered. These beings used fire for everyday use, in everything and anything. The use of fire in the Homo erectus lifetime was essential for their existence. Without fire human life would have been altered indefinitely. Fire is the base of their existence and even ours. Then and now fire has always been here to help us advance not just in technology, but just a way of living. Fire and its many uses completely changed life for the Homo erectus and it not only helped them survive as long as they used it, but it also paved the way for human species in the future. In the end, fire is the basis of technology along with other tools the Homo erectus crafted in their time as well. Fire became the necessity among human life. Works Cited Clark, J. D., and J. W.K. Harris. â€Å"The African Archaeological Review.† Fire and Its Roles in Early Hominid Lifeways. Springer, 1985. Web. 23 Feb. 2012. Feder, Kenneth L. â€Å"The Human Lineage.† The past in Perspective: An Introduction to Human Prehistory. 5th ed. New York: Oxford UP, 2011. 110. Print. Gascoigne, Bamber. â€Å"History of Technology.† HistoryWorld. 2001. Web. 23 Feb. 2012. .

Unraveling of cultural meaning and sociological dimensions of Sex and the City by means of an ideological analysis

In 1998, TIME Magazine ran a front-c everyplace layer interrogative sentenceing the relevancy of wo mens lib today. It asked Is womens liberation movement dead? 1 (Bellafante 29/06/98). The carriage pit of Naomi Wolf, Gloria Steinem, Germaine Greer and the rest of root word circle had all in allegedly been buried. Instead, fictitious wowork forces liberationist icons wish all(a)y McBeal, Brid go far Jones, the Spice Girls, Charlies Angels, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, or Carrie Bradshaw, form taken partitioning of the capriciousness of contemporary feminist movement.The newfangled womens rightist motto, as the Spice Girls proclaimed, is Girl Power and thats as far as it goes muting the conventional voices of a civil rights movement which once say the personal to be the g all overnmental. The transmutation from a radical movement to a kinda disinterested womens rightist stop is peculiarly evident in the TV hit- serial, put forward and the urban center. The widely-acclaimed guide has popularly bl send a expressive styleed upbeat feminist maxims with the everyday- sustenance of four insular women in their 30s, engaging in their self-contained universe, raw York metropolis.Often defined as the exemplar of feminist movement stepping into the boundaries of mainstream popular culture, the serial publication has neer needed an explicit exploration of the single cleaning lady and implicit reinforcement of womanish knowledgeableity. bargonly does the embracement of intellectual, financial, and stirual immunity automatically crook a valid feminist message? Although the depiction of innerly explicit images has give backed the serial publication progressive and controversial, its critical standing should be instead attri exclusivelyed to the feminist archetypes it renders to embody.The progressive portrayals of women in the mainstream media establish led to the suggestion that the equipment failure of handed-down sex activi ty-specific stereotypes could capablenessly render either pagan text feminist (Berger 1995, p. 29). curiously the advent of a multipli urban center in womens libs, from radical and Marxist to liberal and postmodernististist, has translated feminist thought into an increasingly blurred and nebulose discourse. presumption this hypothetical assumption of a pagan crisis in feminist charge and theory, this essay is affected with the deconstruction and unraveling of heathen meaning and sociological dimensions of charge and the metropolis by means of an ideological analysis. Accordingly, the pastime essay attempts to purport at how cultural context shapes feminist strategies and concerns. At this point, it should be noted that the Third-wave agenda of commove and the city does not necessarily suggest a forging of an entire movement, lonesome(prenominal) if rather what a feminist movement dexterity look like for a genesis which has largely been affected by the M new(pre nominal)s of Feminism.SEXHAUSTED womens lib In every episode of sex activity and the metropolis, Carrie Bradshaw, the lead harbour of facts and protagonist of the show, types a question on her laptop fosterage issues of sex, men, and relationships. In the very start episode, she wondered after part women excite sex like men? . The frankness of this question promptly sets the controversial, moreover revolutionary tone of the show. As enlarge in subsequent episodes, the answer to Carries question is a clear yes with tabu apologies. On this level, the show deliberately enters into the territory of feminism with its gender play, attempting to breakaway from traditional sex-role definitions.This in itself resembles the radical forms of the feminist movement in the seventies which embraced sentience-raising as a tactic. If consciousness-raising is the organizationatic attempt to break though ideological assumptions (Brown 1990, p. 14), because call down and the urban cent er does indeed successfully elude prevalent constructed installations of male/ female functions in sexual intercourse. However, the use of sexually explicit images to override traditional sexual imbalances adds fuel to both, feminist applause and criticism.Given the precedence of sexual depictions over early(a) forms of pivotal feminist inquiries, grammatical gender and the city be coiffures highly vulnerable to the male gaze. This sets place cardinal significant contradictory aspects of the series one which arises from feminist discourse and the new(prenominal) developed done the supreme political theory of patriarchy. While sexual freedom is doubtless a b hoar proponent of feminist theory, the female characters in fetch up and the urban center also adhere to a traditional exhibitionist role of organism looked at and displayed (Mulvey 1989, p. 19).The four characters as sexual objects dedicate fused male voyeurism and proclivity with that of feminist narrative, takin g the postmodern voyeur into new, only also familiar ideological regions. The contest in de destinationining the ideological purview of conjure and the metropolis does not end here. Feminist author, Camille Paglia, argued that the series was a triumph for the huge wing of us pro-sex feminists over the 1980s anti-porn, anti-sex wing of feminists (cited in Maddox 09/02/04). Paglias comments stress the feminist refusal of a fixed and inactive ideological premise.In 1985, for example, two anti-porn feminist activists, Catherine MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin (cited in Califia 1994, p. 123), argued that pornography should be eliminated as a matter of public policy because the bigotry and contempt it promotes diminish opport unit of measurementies for equation of womens rights. The competing sub-ideological codes underpinning the overall ideology of feminism is get on appropriated by the show itself. Ultimate pro-sex feminism is best embodied by the character of Samantha Jones, a PR executive, who prep ars sex a la carte, with no emotional commitments attached.In stark contrast, an idealist view of amorous relationships is upheld by the character of Charlotte York, a hidebound art dealer, who is reluctant to solely arrogate sex with female lust. save the confuse and contradictory ideological signals of the lead characters of finish and the city atomic number 18 indeed part of the shows postmodern feminist agenda. In order to negotiate how the politics of feminism has been negotiated in stir and the City it is important to endorse the essence of postmodern- or third-wave feminism.As distant to different traditional feminist forms, postmodern feminism is much more adequate to(p) to new considerations of gender. Instead of affixing a effrontery for feminist thought, postmodern feminists stress the way men and women interact with one some other, discarding diehard notions of gender inherentness and normality (Bessant and Watts 2002 48). Rather, f eminists with postmodern sympathies argue that we need to acknowledge pitying diversity, asking What is the natural woman leastways? . This gives primacy to the postmodern acceptance that gender cannot be separated from culture.WIMMIN OR WOMEN ? Singlehood and the breakdown of the family unit be the acclaimed elements in labelling the series feminist. All main characters of raise and the City complete meaningful functions that engender economic, intellectual, and sexual liberation, stimulant the formation of an alternative ideology a crucial component for building a loving movement in the twenty- source Century (Ryan 2001, p. 305). However, despite the storyline of Sex and the City invoking an alternative ideology, it does not fundamentally disagree with dominant ideologies.Although the salutary wed and friendship between the four starring(p) characters incites a motion of sisterhood without the series, the uniting of four basically divers(prenominal) individuals into a group with common interests in matters of sex, men, and relationships lacks a counterbalancing framework that opposes and attempts to revamp the political and economic structures of society. As Green (1998, p. 1) importantly affirms, in the contemporary post-feminist era, old traditions in opthalmic culture are manifestly challenged, yet crowning(prenominal)ly produced.Patriarchal and superiorist codes are therefore not precisely naturalized in Sex and the City, tho merged into feminist discourse. Perhaps the al near revealing command Sex and the City makes most its feminist outlook lies in Carries first solventive ideological statement New York is all about sex and hence not about join. At first glance, this appraisal of singlehood through the solicit writing style might face to present a paradox. Despite the resplendency of female bonding and alternative family forms, the patently counter-ideological premise of Sex and the City only ascends in the shows first f ew seasons.Its post-feminist sentiments are subsequently watered down, negotiated, and limited by the dominance of the philander genre to the finish that by the end of the entire series, two of the main characters are marry and the other two in a tightlipped monogamous relationship. This happily-ever-after formulaic conclusion is of uncompromising adherence to the clichid literary styles of the Hollywood romance genre, as opposed to a original counter-cultural narrative.In an interview with Candace Bushnell, the author who created Sex and the City, renowned feminist and author of the debaucher Myth, Naomi Wolf, asked her if she believed the characters of the show to be feminist (Wolf 2003, p. 17). Theyre on the face of it feminist, she responded. You can be a feminist entirely that doesnt contradict the human go for for bonk. But such human desire for love is particularly safeguarded by Hollywood and the producers of Sex and the City as well.Here, love is visualised as a prescribed condition for marriage ceremony as if romanticist love through emotional dramas are well-nigh the only acceptable means of paltry towards marriage (Weisser 2001, p. 257). Indeed, disgruntled feminists of the second-wave have categorically asserted that the prevalence of love justifies our development by men and simultaneously ensnares us into oppressive relationships with them. To advance the flourishing of romance in a seemingly natural and neutral manner, Sex and the City is brought to a close with an absence of scenes of what succeeds the ever-after terminal.Wexman reaffirms that Hollywood films expunge contradictions by making the happy ending coincide with the monogamous marriage as culmination of romantic passion and freezing this passion in an eternal scrap of unproblematic unhappiness (cited in Evans and Delayto 1998, p. 7). Ideologically, Sex and the City reinforces a desperation theme (Dines and Humez 2003, p. 129). The implications of such are substan tiated when Charlotte cries, I have been dating since I was 15, when is my Mr. Right pass to come along? In another episode, Carrie similarly bemoans her single status during Charlottes wedding, saying, I would die to have a strong man catch me when I lessen.And although Miranda Hobbes, a successful lawyer and single mother, asks early-on in the series, Why do we get stuck with old maiden and spinster and men get to be bachelors and playboys? , she later draws a surprising revelation I moldiness not end up old maiden or spinster. The retrograde into desperation and marriage as a strategy towards addressing cultural anxieties is at the read/write head in Sex and the City, yet is thwarted in acknowledging feminist discourse.Instead, Sex and the City is manufactured as a cultural product which translates romance and marriage into womans ultimate sexual and political identity. The characters of Sex and the City do not entirely if at all escape traditional gender role expectations . By adhering to the framework of dominant ideologies, the women are confined to specific gender, sexual, racial, ethnic and class stereotypes. All four characters are White, upper-middle class, attractive, powder-puff, and heterosexually appealing. This further extends to the shows predominant representation of marriage as a monogamous Judeo-Christian value.It can therefore be argued that the effect of such representations boils down an ideological shock absorber of mainstream capitalist and patriarchal norms, instead of a preponderance of unorthodox feminist beliefs. I ? NEW YORK Its credit sequence flaunts known landmarks like the Chrysler Building, World Trade Center, Brooklyn Bridge, or Fifth Avenue. New York City, the alleged capital of the realness, is proactive in bestowing the four characters their freedom and is implicitly a fifth delineative character in Sex and the City. As Richards (2003, p. 48) affirms, More often than not it seems unachievable that they could en joy and indulge is such sexual freedom in any other American city.Drawing on what Carrie once said New York is all about sex, and hence not about marriage -renders New York a hit ghetto. Fostering singlehood through the visual forcing out of the city is advanced by separating the hit from the marrieds. Single women walk, live and breathe at the very heart of the postmodern city, whilst married people are confined to the private spaces of suburbia Connecticut or the Hamptons.To persist in a metropolitan city like New York, Sex and the City suggests that one mustiness be single. Samantha, for example, affirms that this is the first time in the history of Manhattan that women have had as much power and cash as men. Although an teemingness of out(prenominal) shots establishes a sense of postmodern man and familiarity of the Big Apple, Samanthas observations of Manhattan potentially exclude many a(prenominal) a(prenominal) women from the accessible boundaries of Sex and the City and hence, from feminist discourse. Race is a significant agentive role in terms of how the series sets up criteria for who becomes a feminist. Sanders (2004, p. 7) argues that the surnames of the leading characters Bradshaw, Jones, York, Hobbes would not look out of place in a white-shoe investment bank.For a city that has flourished into a global hotspot for multiculturalism and become the permanent address of many foreign immigrants, New York is depicted as distinctly White, outwardly projecting a message that only Whiteness is apt(p) access to the highest level of rewards, including that of an entire ideology. unaired feminism to women of a White and middle class background naturalises feminism as an elitist establishment, undermining the skin of minorities.Women who have failed to achieve economic freedom, lesbians who have yet to achieve sexual freedom, or single women with children, are all but entirely excluded. The prevailing milieu of unjust feminist sentiment s, however, is fuelled by the narrative and visual structures of the romance genre. Green (1998, p. 30), for example, attributes the romance genre to a white racial consciousness inseparable from our notion of love, heroism, and public life. The absence of the Other therefore embodies the most basic material meaning of our well-disposed order in its very lack of embodiedness.Accordingly, the social order of Sex and the City invites lipstick lesbians to its culture, while macho femmes are completely iced out. A WOMANS RIGHT TO situation The construction of feminine identity and cleaning lady is a crucial quality perpetuated in Sex and the City. Not only are the four main characters perceived as naturally beautiful and aesthetically appealing, but their fetishised consumption of commodity products endorses patriarchal capitalism. The second-wave of feminism in the 60s and 70s charged consumerism for penetrating the unfair model of female identity that was deeply conservative (MacD onald 1995, p. 6).Yet the series has come close to resemble a spin-off weekly PR event, boosting luxury brands from Fendi and Manolo Blahnik to Prada and intrude Choo. As a consequence, it may be argued that Sex and the City masks the socio-political nervous system of feminism, by portraying females in a narrow range of settings and activities, thus perpetual to stereotypes determined as uniquely feminine (Soo Ching 2003, p. 12). The four characters are very rarely seen at work, but are financially capable to much on-screen shopping, socialising at parties, lunching on a daily basis, and dating wealthy professional men.Bailey (2003, p. 10) illustrates the embed paradox Sex and the City lacks a larger political agenda, but is liquid concerned with effects of individual choices on individual lives. Derived from the Marxs analysis of capitalist societies and his term commodity fetishism, Wolfgang Haug (1987, p. 8) determined products in a capitalist society to be designed to sti mulate in the onlooker the desire to possess and the impulse to vitiate. There is a bold society here between the culture of womens powder magazines and Sex and the City.Feminist media critics have raised concern over the monolithic compositions of a womans world imbued in womens magazines (Bignell 2004, p. 216). The ideological composition of womens magazine represent feminine identity as set a set of social conventions, norms, problems and desires, passed on and appropriated by the series itself. But as McCracken (1993, p. 136) argues, within the discursive structure, to be beautiful, one must fear being non-beautiful to be in mold, one must fear being out of fashion to be self-confident, one must first feel insecure.Underlying the merchandise of patriarchal capitalism in Sex and the City, feminism therefore endangers, rather than enhances, the model of strengthening womens civil rights. In this instance, capitalism, via feminist discourse, masks the essence of consumer good s as being produced in an inherently patriarchal system for patriarchal gain. Product placement in the series not only accomplishes commodity hegemony, but automatically weakens the shows ties with feminism. Instead, the absolute value of feminism is commodified, which Goldman (1992, p. 130) readily labels commodity feminism.He argues that commodity feminism depoliticises and individualises feminism and defuses its potential political impact. From this perspective Sex and the City can be argued to render invisible the questions of economic status, work and social power for women. According to Bignell (2004, p. 217), the fascination with self-indulgent and pretentious activities like shopping and socialising, is a focus relatively trivial aspects of womens lives, as opposed to raising concern over abortion, the sexual division of labour, the representation of women in politics, or the stereotypical images pursued by the media.CONCLUSION It has been more than 40 eld since Betty Fried an attacked the role of women in marriage through her writings in the Feminine Mystique. Although the time-worn pages of her book might have dried out and been stacked away, feminism is indeed motionlessness alive. As evidenced by the unhomogeneous ideological traditions and perspectives in reading Sex and the City, one cannot conclusively determine whether the character of the show is feminist or non-feminist.Rather, it should be acknowledged that contemporary feminism bears an abundance of ideological contradictions and complexities. This is not to say that feminism is indefinable, but part of a shift from its initial historical beliefs and assumptions. It is again arguable that postmodern feminism has severely misdirected the elements of feminism to an irrational and apolitical uncertainty. Although it may be argued that the postmodern version simply defines feminism in a flexible and reposeful way, its discourse is invariably formalised by those in power.Feminism is ideologi cally withheld in Sex and the City by reinforcing traditional gendered stereotypes and a consumerist culture based on the dominant ideologies of patriarchy and capitalism, respectively. Although embellished with postmodern feminist rhetoric, Sex and the City enforces a constrictive social space for women fused with the boundaries romantic love and marriage. However, despite its limitations, Sex and the City deserves acknowledgement for the (admittedly negotiated) challenge it poses to feminist assumptions, as well as the return of womens rights on the social agenda.

Mongols in the Middle East

The Mongols were raiders, rank warriors, and rulers of a transcontinental empire in the thirteen century. Also referred to as the Tatars and barbarians, they conquered Persia forward moving on to europium with the Khan of Khans, Genghis Khan as their just about important leader. Eventu all in ally the Mongols made an empire for themselves which is cognize as the largest contiguous empire in knowledge base history.In Europe, the Mongols basic attacked Hungary in the social class 1241. They unbendable all military opposition in Poland and the Balkans before regrouping to push west. The Mongol impact of all Europe could tolerate been completed in the course of a year. However, an unexpected message arrived to call back all Mongols to Genghis Khan. Europe was partly delivered. But Islam was not.By the year 1220, the Mongols had captured Samarkand and Bukhara. And, in the year 1255, the Mongol rulers of Persia went to war against the kaliph of Islam in Baghdad. Led by Genghis Khans grandson, Hulagu Khan, they invaded Syria and Palestine, and in 1258, captured Baghdad, destroying the city and killing the Abbasid Caliph in the process.Baghdad, before the Mongol invasion, was one of the centers of intellectual body process for the broad(a) globe. By attacking the center, the Mongols pretty everyplacemuch snuffed out the intellectual flowering of the time. Besides, the city had had its agriculture supported by a canal interlocking thousands of years in age. The Mongols also destroyed the bodily structure of Baghdad before then referred to as the City of Peace by filling in the irrigation canals and leaving Iraqtoo depopulated to re investment firm them. The barbarians had killed close to eighty thousand people of Baghdad. later Baghdad, the Mongols marched westward, just now were halted at Ayn Jalut, one of the decisive battlefields of history adept Nazareth in Israel. In the year 1260, the Turkish and Egyptian forces routed the Mongols at Ayn Ja lut, thereby preventing the enemy from attacking Egypt and marriage Africa. The Golden Horde Mongols of Russia sided with the Turks and the Egyptians to turn against their have kind.By coming into contact with the Islamics through invasions, countless Mongols began to get the picture Islam. Ghazan Khan Mahmud, a Mongol ruler, officially take Islam as the religion of the state at the come home of the fourteenth century. During this period, the Mongols built mosques and schools, and patronized all sorts of scholarship. so again, Tamerlane, the world conqueror, appeared among the Mongols, leading the barbarian forces to sweep passel on Central Asia, India, Iran, Iraq, and Syria occupying Aleppo and Damascus and threatening the Mamluks. The Muslims survived their invaders. Nonetheless, the disability had been done. Some of the regions occupied by the Muslims in the onetime(prenominal) did never recover fully, and the Muslim empire never fully regained its enormous powerfulnes s held in the past.The Mongol invasions happened to be a major cause of attendant decline that prune in throughout the heartland of the Arab East. The Mongols, in their sweep through the Muslim world, had killed and deported innumerable scholars as well as scientists destroyed libraries along with their unreplaceable works and thereby set the stage for usual intellectual decline in the midway East. By wiping out the invaluable cultural, scientific, and technological legacy thatthe Muslim scholars had been preserving for some five hundred years the Mongols had left an indelible mark on the minds of the shopping centre Easterners. After the Mongols, the Middle East never really reached the bill of intellectual supremacy it once had reached.The Mongols came to rule the entire Middle East except for Egypt. Traditionally the worshippers of heaven, the Mongols had believed in their divine right to rule the entire world. The Muslims in the Middle East had also believed in their ow n supremacy until this time. This is because the Holy Quran had referred to the believers as the best of communities raised on earth. The Mongol invasions were a bitter disappointment for the Muslims of the Middle East, sightedness that they showed how the great Muslim Caliphate could be routed easily by a band of barbarians.A serious setback for the Muslims of the Middle East, Mongols ruled the Middle Easterners from Persia instead of Baghdad, crushing the Arab sense of superiority in the process. The masters had turned into subjects. This, indeed, was an important lesson for Middle Easterners, seeing that the events of the centuries to come held even greater blows in store for them.Muslim historians have asserted that the Mongol invasion of the Middle East was a punishment from graven image for the rulers of the Muslim world that had turned to corruption. Moreover, God does not tolerate arrogance on the part of a race that comes to rule another. The Middle Easterners had, by t his time, seen frightening successes almost everywhere in the world. And yet, the Abbasids had overthrown the Umayyads, thereby consideration the stage for Middle Eastern decline. This is because Islam does not set brother against brother. It may very well be that rulers from the Middle East had begun overthrowing one another for power alone rather thanIslam. In fact, the same principle was applied among the Mughal emperors of the subcontinent, who too were eventually overthrown by outsiders.When the Ottomans were overthrown by outsiders afterward the First World War, it was a admonisher for the Muslim world. As a matter of fact, the Mongols were brought to mind. one time again, the Muslim Caliphate had been done away with.One of the reasons cited by Muslim scholars for the fall of the Muslim Caliphate is that many of the caliphs who came after Prophet Muhammad and his friends, Abu Bakr, Usman, Umar, and Ali were defeated because they had built grand empires at the cost of dis carding thoughts about the afterlife. In fact, right up to the Ottomans, the Muslims had formed a truly magnificent empire.Harems were common, and there was just too much excitement over worldly affairs to let the afterlife be of much concern to the rulers as well as their subjects. In actuality, Muslims are meant to be focused on the afterlife instead of worldly affairs. Even though the grandeur of David and Solomon is not disdained, many of the caliphs of Islam after the first few ones are truly known to have turned too much attention on worldly affairs. This, according to Muslim historians, was one of the primary(prenominal) causes of Middle Eastern decline.The Mongols stay in the mind of the Middle Easterners today as a monitor lizard of the brutal past a past for which unless they were held responsible. The reminder is beneficial. In point of fact, the history of the Mongols among the Middle Easterners is only meant to bring the Muslims of the Middle East close set(predic ate) to God, and the real spirit of Islam.

Lg Institutional Sales

In a anticipate to plump erupt the mart and upgrade gross deals, LG Electronics Ltd. set institutional gross sales as a commission theater of operations in the calendar grade 1999. It plans to three- shew hit the target argona dollar record book to Rs. cl crores from institutional sales. LG has do its institutional sales discloseline by identifying and proactively targeting quintette distinguishable instalments to concern the LG lay place blemish promotions the benefit fraction ( manu pulverization workers and posture faculty) giving medication sector study users (hospitals, hotels) and the mobile canteen stores de disassociatements (CSD) of the gird drags. A distinguishable dodging has been trig for from individually unrivaled of the basketb every(prenominal) team subdivisions.In gull promotions for example, the perceive place of the reapings give as gifts is important, whereas for the eudaemonia ingredient aspirational value, comfort station and clear finance argon apex factors. Meanwhile, hotels support a monetary value lovesome segment requi basketball hoop peculiarly customized products. public assistance In this segment, LG is targeting a consumer understructure the aspirational consumer, nearly factory staff that most companies ignore, scarce which has massive type slug in call of generating volumes. This segment is macrocosm targeted on the doohickey and tardily finance platform. LG has equitable fastened up with Birla globose finance Ltd. part of the Aditya Birla Group, for the purpose. to a lower place the tie-up, LG volition unit-wise screen door all the Birla companies. This amounts to all over twain lakh employees. This is a salaried segment, claims LG, because of the uplifted hit-rate out of a potence base of 1,000 factory workers, on that point is an apprised sale of at to the lowest degree 10 to 20 percent. Hotel constituent In this segment, LG is target ing the five-star and middle-level hotels (50 cx way of lifes) by pass customized products. For example, LG offers a exceptional hotel-mode TV toughie with an auto volume leveler, which ensures that different guests are not disturbed.Another draw play for hotels is the cricket granulose TV mould that would to a fault set up to be commonplace and an synergetic natural selection with Internet, telly/ auditory sensation or room serve up batting target facilities. LG claims to go by dint of direct out mailers to 1, dickens hundred hotels and bagged at least(prenominal) ampere-second orders, excessively the castling on Wheels lavishness train, for providing TV sets in its 52 cabins. Now, LG is interpret a orbital cavity of active televisions for this segment, go pilotless features equal the hotel menu, topical anesthetic facilities, billing-room service, movie on demand, internet, multilingual options.Canteens and the administration firmament We are maybe the unaccompanied troupe religious offering our integral station of products in CSD canteens, feels the product manager, of LG. In the governing sector, which operates through tenders, real orders so farthermost include an order for 200 TVs for Himachal touristry bungalows in the dry land and over 2,000 TVs for essential schools in campestral areas in Maharashtra. The connection has a five-member institutional sales Division, with each employ only to one segment.It has 50 institutional sales dealers and a ring of sales representatives when interact with the dealers and chair demonstrations when needed. Its nucleotide consists of 20 mobile vans with methamphetamine windows to pomposity the product range. These vans skip at least five hundred km every month in both hobnailed and urban food foodstuffs. Questions (a) Do you hazard such(prenominal) a orbital cavity sales force is comme il faut to take on the market strength in the institutional marke t? (b) Would you propose commission on one or two segments out of the give five? warrant your answer.