The Former Soviet Satellite of Ukraine Research Paper

The Former Soviet Satellite of Ukraine - Research Paper Example Within such a construct of analysis, this paper will seek to identify key issues as well as provide a rational response to the ways in which these can work to be ameliorated. With regards to the geography of Ukraine, it occupies a territory larger than any other European nation asides from the Russian Federation. As such, due to the fact that the Russian Federation is divided between Europe and Asia, Ukraine can definitively be said to be the largest wholly European country. As with a large part of Eastern Europe, the landscape of Ukraine is mostly flat with fertile steppes stretching out over nearly 80% of nation. One of the defining aspects of the nation’s geography is that of the Danube and the Dnieper. The Danube accounts for the nation’s southwestern border whereas the Dnieper runs laterally bisecting the nation and flowing through a majority of the major cities and industrial centers of the nation. Geo-politically speaking, the nation is bordered by Russia and Belarus to the north, Poland and Slovakia to the west, Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea in the South. Of course it is difficult ot discuss the geography of the nation without discussing the way in which several failed Soviet experiments have inalterably changed the landscape and geography. Although there are a number of factors that contribute to this, a lion’s share of the death rate is directly linked to heavy smoking and alcoholism; both issues that continue to plague the nation.   Though it may seem to the reader than an extensive understanding of the demographic situation is not required before delving into the way in which the nation seeks to house and provide for its people, the fact of the matter is that such an issue has a direct correlation to the need, demand, and production of housing within the system (Tsenkova & Turner, 2004).

Analysis of options and recommendations for action Assignment

Analysis of options and recommendations for action - Assignment Example This change in tourism trend could be attributed to uncertain economic conditions, stagnant salaries, rising inflation, and growing threat of terror attacks. Therefore many of the UK citizens think that it is better to visit domestic tourist destinations that are in close proximity to them so as to maintain a good balance between their income and expenses. Evidently, such an adverse trend change in the tourism sector would negatively affect the travel business. This report will examine how the travel agency could respond to this change and suggest specific strategies to boost sales in the context of the change. The declining trend of outbound tourism in UK poses great threats to travel and tourism businesses that increasingly rely on people visiting overseas countries (Travel Mole, 2014). The recent global financial crisis together with rising daily living expenses significantly contributed to this trend because people strongly believed that outbound tourism would cause them to incur huge costs. In addition, there has been a trend of decrease in the ownership of overseas holiday homes in UK over the last few years. The English people think that visiting domestic tourist destinations is a better way to cut down huge expenses associated with outbound tourism and save for the future. The growing threat of terror attacks across the world also discourages UK citizens to enjoy overseas holidays or to own overseas holiday homes (Page, 2011, p.75). A SWOT analysis is a better tool to analyse the internal and external environments of the travel and tourism sectors. While analysing the internal strengths of the UK travel industry, it seems that the country has a well developed infrastructure that support travel and tourism businesses. High cost of operations is a major weakness of these sectors as this issue negatively affects people’s overseas holiday

Blue Front Essay Example for Free

Blue Front Essay Martha Collins, the author of Blue Front lived in Cairo, Illinois. Blue Front is the fifth volume of poems that she has written. Blue Front relays the eye witnessing of his father when he was five years old and used to sell fruit in the front of Blue Front Restaurant in 1909. One day when he was working, he was attracted towards the crowd where a black man was being lynched. That Black man was accused of raping and strangling of a White woman by a mob of Whites. Later, when the Black man was still alive, he was dragged and shot and then buried. His body parts were cut as souvenirs. In the same event due to escalation a White man was also then hanged who was also accused of raping. This whole situation portrays the racing factors that were present in America at that. At one place she writes one verse in Blue Front (2006) as, â€Å"the victim hanged, though not on a tree, this was not the country, they used a steel arch with electric lights, and later a lamppost, this was a modern event, the trees were not involved† Throughout the poem Martha has made the reader to search for the main idea which she has tried to give in the poems. The poems are low in syntax settings and many grammatical mistakes, but still if the reader indulges himself he can get the theme quite easily. Martha has written the poems thinking her in the place of his father and has provided all the information keeping his father as an eye witness. She says that moment was terrifying as a young child. Starting to look at the racism is its peak was quite heavy for him to swallow. The verse free narration of the poem varies from page to page for its style and rhythm which sometime make abrupt changes in the mood of the poem. All the verses clearly state the hatred of the mob that was taking part in the lynching of the Black person. She tries to perceive the mentality of the mob, but she just thinks that those people didn’t want to know anything until the person they are lynching is a Black. She feels for the Blacks of that time when the racism was active in Southern parts of Illinois and in all other parts of the country. White people used to lynch the Blacks for small accusations. The lynching was made a custom at that time and Whites used to bring their children as well to teach them the ways of lynching and how they should treat Blacks. Martha also states in her poem that how she feels to be a part of this White nation who has a history of being racist and is still continuing to be so. Even her father after that incident was very careful in his dealings with the Blacks and stayed away from them all his life and went to settle at the places where the whole community is White. Martha feels sorry for herself on this treatment of human kind. She however, don’t lose hope and in the end she gives a message that the life can be made better if we all work collectively. She says that everyone has the right to live freely and no one should object this. She knows that America is still experiencing racism in various parts where the Blacks still don’t have the right to live free. It is our responsibility to make world better place for living. We should abolish this from the face of earth to make it a better place for living. Works Cited Collins, Martha. Blue Front: Poems. New York: Graywolf Press, 2006.

Importance Role Of Human Resource Management Business Essay

Importance Role Of Human Resource Management Business Essay A study on the importance role of human resource management (HRM) and its practices in multinational companies (MNCs) operation. This research proposal is to investigate on the roles of human resource management in operating a multinational business and how it is practicing in multinational companies. The roles and the practices of human resource management are the independent variables that determine the success of operation a multinational company. 1.0 Objectives: To investigate on the roles of human resource management in operating multinational companies. To investigate on the how human resource management is practicing in multinational companies. To investigate on whether there is significant influences between the practicing of human resource management and the operation of multinational companies. 2.0 Research Question: What are the roles of human resource management in managing multinational companies? How human resource management is practicing in multinational companies? How the practicing of human resource management influences the operation of multinational companies? 3.0 Introduction: There are four main elements needed to conduct a business, which are capital, land, labor and entrepreneur. A business cannot run smoothly with the absent of either one of the elements. Undisputedly, labor is the most important asset in conducting a business. The reason is the success or failure of a company is determined by the employees of the company, because the employee is the one create and undermine a companys reputation (Cliffs Notes, n.d.). Besides, according to human capital theory that developed by American economist Gary Becker, focus on the skills and performance of employees is important and it is one source of way to increase companys competitive advantage (Highbeam.com, 2007; Economy Professor, n.d.). Nowadays, companies foresee the important of employees well-being and interaction with companies, so, human resource management is being extremely important in dealing and interacts with representatives of all source of production (Buzzle.com, n.d.). Microsoft is the example company that realized the value and effectiveness of their employees. It is one of the richest and successful companies in the world that is employee-oriented companies (News and Technology, 2010). Human resource management (HRM) is the utilization of people within an organization is a function of broad range of dynamic factors (Gerald, R. Sherman, D. and Darold, T., 1995). It involves in employing people, designing and developing those related resource and fully utilise them to maximize the companys profit (Buzzle.com, n.d.). It also complement with the sole goal to motivate their employee to prove their ability and to add value to the company (Buzzle.com, n.d.). HRM is playing the central role of balancing the local and global force (Informaworld, n.d.). While helping in settle local differences, it also helping the multinational companies (MNCs) in implementing critical global strategies (Informaworld, n.d.). It provides significant support and advice to line management and carrying the important position in develop calibre employee to increase the competitive advantage of a company in multinational market (Management-Hub, 2010). 4.0 Significance of Study: This proposal is to study out the roles of human resource management and how it can be practicing in operating multinational companies. This information is helpful for the multinational companies to understand the important of human resource management and its influences on the operation of multinational companies. 5.0 Literature Review: There are more and more companies went into globalisation due to the benefits of the greater trade and competition, higher economic growth and etc. (Economics Helps, n.d.). However, there are high rate of failure when a company is dealing with the international firm or operating a business in multinational scale (All business, 2002). The reasons are mainly due to the different national and corporate culture and the difficulty of one control and deal with resources especially workforce in several firm and is in multinational scale (All business, 2002). The strategy of managing different workforce in different nation is varying. HRM in international is carrying more and complexity roles. However, the main and important function of HRM is still the managing of people but across national boundaries other than just the home country headquarters (HQ) (Highbeam.com, 2007; Economy Professor, n.d.). 5.1 Roles of Human Resource Management (HRM) in Multinational Companies There are various types of existence of MNCs in international business. There are terms such as Ethnocentric, Polycentric, and Geocentric used to denote the differences types of MNCs (Highbeam.com, 2000). The roles of HRM are different in different nation as well as different types of MNCs. The various roles of human resource management in multinational companies can mainly being categorized in to five main areas: 5.1.1 Recruitment and selection Recruitment is one of the HRM roles that carried out by managers in all types of concerns when the business activities are carried out (Management Study Guides, 2009). Recruitment is a process to discover sources of manpower to meet the requirement of staffing schedule and stimulating them to apply for job in an organisation (Gurpreet, R., 2007). However, in MNCs, the recruiting process must be carried out under further consideration of the adaptation of the culture, international rewards system, and the types of one MNCs exist, and etc. (Stuart, W. and Bronwen, R., 2004). For example, MNCs that practice Ethnocentric will fill the key position in subsidiaries by the employees in home country, however, for MNCs that are polycentric will recruit the host country nationals to manage the subsidiary in their own country and Geocentric MNCs recruit the suitable people regardless of their nationality (Stuart, W. and Bronwen, R., 2004). It is important to suit the recruiting process with the recruitment policies of the MNCs in order to add value to a MNCs operation. 5.1.2 Training and development Human resource management in international is also responsible for training and the development of employees. The quality and the development of employees improved through training and education is factoring that determining the profitability of a company in long-term (Zero Million, 2009). Training can increase the job satisfaction of the employees, reduce the turnover, and improve the performance and skills of employees and it is also the other way of motivation given to the employees that would benefit the companies in return (Management Helps, n.d.). In different types of MNCs there are different types of training for their employees. MNCs that are Polycentric is more likely to offer training that provides cultural awareness and personal flexibilities (Patricia, H., 2002; CiteHR.com, n.d.). For example, employees are sending for cross-cultural training, language training, environmental briefing and so forth. This would help them to adapt to the cultural and perform their job well (Stuart, W. Bronwen, R., 2004; Management Helps, n.d). On the other hand, for Ethnocentric MNCs, their training is more centralized (CiteHR.com, n.d.). 5.1.3 Remuneration Employees remuneration is the compensation or rewards that given by company to employees according to their performance. Remuneration is one way to motivate employees to perform effectively and efficiently (Management Study Guides, 2009). The remuneration in multinational companies is increasing complex due to the currency fluctuation, different HR staff remuneration policies and practices as well as the different labour law in different nation. Salary is the psychological needs of employees in the Maslow hierarchy needs (Ezine Article, 2010). It reflects also the performance of employees and determines their standard of living, while planning for the remuneration, the salaries of the employees especially for those transfers from other location must be considered (CiteHR.com, n.d.) The methods and scheme of remuneration is varied in different MNCs. The cost of remuneration for Ethnocentric MNCs will be high compare to Polycentric and Geocentric as it transfer the staffs from headquar ter (HQ) to fill the key position (CiteHR.com, n.d). 5.1.4 Labour relations The HRM department in MNCs is responsible not only for recruiting and firing but also contacting job references and administering employees benefits, such as subsidy in housing (Wisegeek, n.d.). The staff in HRM department must be act as people person to understand and identify individual employees needs and career goals in order to meet the matching processes; which is matching the needs of the organization and the needs of the employees (Buzzle.com, n.d.; Cliffs Notes, n.d.). In MNCs, there is complex employees mix in term of cultural, educational, religious and etc. Different types MNCs have different ways of interaction with the employees in order to solve the conflict as well as generate overall sense of belonging of employees to company (Associated content, 2009; Buzzle.com, n.d.). For instance, Ethnocentric MNCs have to avoid cultural myopia when interact with the employees, they have to understand the cultural and the labour right in order to comfort the employees, administer ing employees benefits and not to against the laws. (Stuart,W. Bronwen,R., 2004). 5.1.5 Initiative of workforce alignment to company objective Workforce alignment is a specific process that tying the employees goal to overall company objectives (Dresser Associate, 2006). This is important especially for MNCs that operate in different nations, the employees in different nation that shared the same goal is the main factors that push a company to next higher level of success as it accomplish the company business plan toward a much more realistic situation (Dresser Associate, 2006; Success Factors, 2010). Knowledge Infusion Research shows that, when employees know their contribution impact company success, both employees and company performance will increase (Dresser Associate, 2006). Communicating the company goals, collaboration of employee, strengthen accountability and employee engagement is important steps for workforce alignment (Success Factors, 2010). The practices of Ethnocentric MNCs are standardization, as the key position is hold by employees from HQ, it is easier for them to control and align their workforce, and h owever, polycentric that practicing localization may face problems of existence gap between HQ and subsidiaries staffs (Stuart,W. Bronwen,R., 2004).They may have to pay more efforts in aligning the workforces. Understanding and sharing the same company goals, collaboration and interaction of both HQ and subsidiary employees are important factors that bring MNCs to achieve company long-term goals (Success Factors, 2010). 5.2 The practicing of HRM in multinational companies Globalization and MNCs are two closely interlinked phenomena (Markus, P., 2007). MNCs is considered as the important key for globalization process, on the other hand, MNCs also needs to become more and more competitive in order to survive in globalized world economy (Markus, P., 2007). As the importance for MNCs to continue growing, there is central debate around management of MNCs which are to be standardization or localization (Markus, P., 2007). 5.2.1 Standardization vs Localization 5.2.1.1 Standardization Standardization is global integration of parent company policies and practices (Pawan S. Budhwar., 2004). It is also refers to the level of central coordination by the HQ to closely integrate the operation of subsidiaries in worldwide in order to achieve global efficiency through economies of scale (Markus, P., 2007). Many Japanese companies such as Canon, Toyota and Matsushita have traditionally emphasized on the standardization and efficiency (Markus, P., 2007). Another example is American MNCs IBM has a relatively standardized HRM practices for examples, in their recruitment and training process (Markus, P., 2007). According to institutional theory and perspective, there are three major factors that affect an organization to be standardization which are coercive isomorphism, mimetic isomorphism and normative isomorphism (Highbeam.com, 2007). Coercive isomorphism of MNCs is influence by a powerful constituency, such as government has imposed certain pattern on the organization that they have to follow. However, mimetic isomorphism is where the MNCs is in the situation of uncertainty adopt the pattern exhibited by the organization in their home country that is viewed as successful, and normative isomorphism is where the MNCs is affected by the professional organization that acts as the disseminators of appropriate organizational pattern in the environment (Highbeam.com, 2007). 5.2.1.2 Localization However, previous research shows that national cultural and institutional characteristic have limited the transfer of HRM practices (Harzing.com, 2007). The transfer of HRM practices to overseas subsidiaries is limited and might force the MNCs to localize their HRM practices (Harzing.com, 2007). Localization is the practices and policies of host countries is locally differentiate (IEE Explore, 2010). In other words, the subsidiary is acts and behaves as local and is different from the parent company. European companies such as Philips and Nestlà © are the proponent of localization (Markus, P., 2007). In order to survive in the nation, majority MNCs will adapt to the cultural and localize their practices. For example, the subsidiaries of American in German is practices not only the regulation but also the German concept of codetermination, if they do not adapt to the local practices, Wal-mart for example, they frequently suffer low performance (Markus, P., 2007). Another example is s ubsidiary of Canon in America tends to be more on the performance oriented in their incentives structure than the structure of parent company that emphasize on seniority (Markus, P., 2007). The opposing forces of standardization and localization are the challenge for HRM practices in MNCs operation, MNCs that able to strike the delicate balance between standardization and localization will have a good performance. 6.0 Methodology: Theoretical framework for this study: . Independent variables Dependent variable 7.0 Primary data collection: Generally, this primary data collection is going to be done to help achieve the objectives of this study. This primary data collection can be done by doing survey at multinational companies that locate in Penang, such as the world number one chipmakers Samsung Corporation, Dell Inc. and Toshiba Corporation. The reasons of choosing these three MNCs are to look into the HRM practices in MNCs that originated from three different countries based that operate in same industry. Samsung Corporation is the leader in Asia in producing LCD monitor that originated from Korea, Toshiba Corporation, is originated from Japan, a country that have inspiring management system and Dell from United State. A set of question comprising of 50 questions which involving multiple choices are given to the staffs involve in the human resources department, and managerial level of these three MNCs. The total respondents will be 100 staffs. The results that get from this survey will be analyzed by using Excel and presented in suitable form such as histogram, pie chart and etc. (2101 words)

The Supernatural in Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Use of the Supernatural in Macbeth      Shakespeare’s Macbeth has many supernatural actions. Although all of supernatural do not have exactly same role in the play, the main purposes of supernatural are to attract the attention from audience [manipulation], to foreshadow future events, to show the characteristics of individual, and to connect the idea with theme. In the play, the supernatural occurs: witchesà ­ appearance throughout the story, the strange behavior of Macbeth after the murderer of King Duncan, the situation of nature in Scotland, appearance of Banquoà ­s ghost and imagination of dagger which was flying in the air. Firstly, the story starts with weird sistersà ­ conversation under strong thunder and lightning. It is very effective way to attract the attention from audience: First Witch says with scary voice, "When shall we three meet again, In thunder, lightning, or in rain ?" (I, i, 1-2) The very first scene is not only attractive, but also there is an important clue for the things to be happened in the future [foreshadowing]. We learn that there is something going to happen with Macbeth à ± Macbeth wins for his life, but he also is going to lose for his life: "There to meet with Macbeth" (I, i, 7) "Fair is foul, and foul is fair." (I, i, 11)The speech of Witches also contains a theme. "When one wins, one must lose" is a possible theme that can be taken from the speech: "When the battle is lost and won" (I, i, 4) The witches continue appearing throughout the story to give us the excitement, hint and theme.    Secondly, Macbeth loses his mind after the killing of King Duncan. Is it attractive ? By considering the situation, it can be said that it is attractive à ± When he reenters into the play after killing of Duncan, he is a completely different man, like a stone. We must be surprised that if Macbeth is standing up with bloody face, bloody swords in his hands and talks something that does not make senses at all: "Why did you bring these daggers from the place ?" (II, ii, 48) It also shows characteristics of Macbeth. Macbeth can easily fall into a confusion that he cannot recognize.    Thirdly, later in the story, Macbeth sees the Ghost of Banquo and the dagger in the air. However, the Ghost and dagger are only visible to Macbeth, and no one else is able to

Comparing Lamb to the Slaughter to The Speckled Band Essay -- English

Comparing Lamb to the Slaughter to The Speckled Band 'Lamb to the Slaughter' and 'The Speckled Band' are both murder mysteries. Like most murder mysteries each of the stories have a murderer, a victim and characters acting in a suspicious or unusual way. 'Lamb to the Slaughter' is a 20th century story about a woman called Mary who kills her husband, Patrick Maloney, using a leg of lamb. This seems quite surprising at first as she seems quite loving and devoted to him- 'she loved to luxuriate in the presence of this man.' However a lot of Mary Maloney's behaviour in the first scene does seem quite worrying and peculiar. It seems that she is almost obsessed with her husband and this is shown by the way she is constantly trying to please him. Although the murder is a crime of passion Mrs Maloney manages to deal with it quite well. She is very calculating when realising quite what she has done and providing herself with a convincing alibi. When the detectives arrive to investigate the murder they seem to be taking it very seriously, however they don't really seem to consider Mrs Maloney as a real suspect. There is one point in the story where one of the detectives says 'acted quite normal very cheerful impossible that she' but this is an idea which is soon discarded. After a while the attitude of the detectives becomes more relaxed and not so professional. Mrs Maloney takes advantage of this by asking the detectives to stay for dinner. She then goes on to feed them the leg of lamb thus destroying the evidence. There is a moment of irony towards the end because when talking about the murder weapon one of the detectives says 'Probably right under our very nose' just as they are eating the leg of lamb. ... ...and' and 'Lamb to the Slaughter' are very diverse. In 'Lamb to the Slaughter' Mr and Mrs Maloney both lived in a 'warm and clean' home. The atmosphere is of a happy and content household. In 'The Speckled Band' the murder takes place in an old, grey, stone house. The setting seems colder and emptier. The fact that Roylott keeps animals such as cheetahs and baboons adds a darker adds a more sinister feel to the story. This is more typical of a murder mystery but it may not have seemed so unusual when it was first written in the 19th century. I think the author of ' Lamb to the Slaughter' wants the reader to see Mrs Maloney as quite cunning and deceitful. He does this by showing that Mrs Maloney can use the fact that she was married to Mr Maloney and that she is six months pregnant to her advantage. Holmes would probably not have fallen into this same trap.

Informatica Paramter File

Using Parameter file Using Workflow and Session Parameter File Simultaneously Author: Amit Singh Yadav Date written: 18/01/10 Declaration I/We hereby declare that this document is based on my/our personal experiences and/or experiences of my/our project members. To the best of my/our knowledge, this document does not contain any material that infringes the copyrights of any other individual or organization . Amit Singh Yadav Target readers: All Keywords: Informatica Parameter File, $PMMergeSessParamFile, workflow, informatica, parameter file, session, merge filesThe Challenge: Using Parameter file The challenge is to use session level parameter file and workflow level parameter file at the same time. The problem being that when you define a workflow parameter file and a session parameter file for a session within the workflow, the Integration Service uses the workflow parameter file, and ignores the session parameter file. Session Parameter File: It contains session parameters which contain values that can change from session to session, such as database connections or file names. PMSessionLogFile and $ParamName are user-defined session parameters. Also variables that we use in source queries like date criterion e. g. $$Lastrun Workflow Parameter File It contains workflow level parameters. For example, you can use a workflow variable in a Decision task to determine whether the previous task ran properly. In a workflow, $TaskName. PrevTaskStatus is a predefined workflow variable and $ $SessionName is a user-defined workflow variable. Problem Statement: Using both session and workflow level parameter file.First let me tell you why we need both the parameter files in our workflow. Recently we decided to use third party scheduling tool, Workload Manager (WLM), scheduling product by CA Inc. WLM schedules jobs across platforms e. g. dependent jobs across Informatica, teradata, UNIX MF can be scheduled together. Now the requirement of this scheduler is that 1. You nee d to have a scheduler level parameter file with all the sessions names used in the workflow. 2. You need to use this same parameter file as workflow level parameter file in your workflow.The problem we faced was that our current situation is: The sql query in our sessions is select * from where date >’$ $lastrun’. We have a session level parameter file and every time the session runs it picks $$lastrun from the session parameter file. At the end of the session a script is run which updates the $$lastrun with today’s date so that next time when the session is run it picks up data for dates > $$lastrun. This is how our session level parameter files looks: $ more mStaging_PCare. parm Using Parameter file [s_mStaging_PCare] $$lastrun=2009-12-20 —–? session_name ———- ? Lastrun dateNow if a workflow level parameter file is used, the variable $$lastrun will have to be mentioned in the workflow parameter file. And If we will mention $$ lastrun there, then Informatica will pick up the date from the workflow parameter file, while the session level parameter file variable, $$lastrun, will be updated by a script in the session so, we need something through which we can use both workflow and session parameter file. Solution: There is a very useful property in Informatica called $PMMergeSessParamFile which when set to TRUE will force Informatica to read both session and workflow parameter file.What we did was we created a new workflow parameter file with the all the sessions name in it and for every session we have set $PMMergeSessParamFile=TRUE. Now when workflow runs it looks for $$lastrun in workflow parameter file and when it does not find the value there, it looks for $ $lastrun in session parameter file. It gets the value there and session succeeds. In the end the script updates the session level parameter file with today’s date. In this way we were able to use both 1. Workflow level parameter file which wa s the requirement of WLM. 2.Session Level parameter file which was required by our session since the script updates session level parameter file and we did not wanted to change the script. This is how our new workflow level parameter files looks: $ more PCare_Staging_WLM. par [s_mStaging_PCare] ——–? Session Name – —-? parameterized connection $DBConnectionSource=Tera_ETL_VIEWS_NE $PMMergeSessParamFile=TRUE ——? Property set to true Using Parameter file After using this parameter file Informatica will pick up connection name from the above parameter file and $$lastrun from session parameter file since $PMMergeSessParamFile is set to TRUE.This is what was required. Usage: 1. 2. This property will allow users to use both session and workflow level parameter file at same time. Like in the scenario above. Suppose there are sessions which are based on Incremental logic i. e. Session level parameter file is automatically created by UNIX scrip t. Now if users wants to have parameterized connections for such sessions then either they need to change their script which generates parameter file or they can simple use $PMMergeSessParamFile and mention parameterized connection names at workflow level parameter file. . If users want a workflow to run two concurrent instances. If two workflows use same set of re-usable sessions then it helps in making parameter file names parameterized. It removes hard coding of parameter file name from sessions. For more details please refer Informatica help section. Path given below. Parameter Files > Configuring the Parameter File Name and Location References: Informatica Help Guide