Statistics in Business Essay Example for Free

Statistics in Business EssayStatistics is the science of learning from data, and of measuring, controlling, and communicating incertitude and it thereby leads the navigation essential for controlling the course of scientific and societal advances. Statisticians apply statistical thinking and methods to a wide variety of scientific, social, and business endeavors in such areas as astronomy, biology, education, economics, engineering, genetics, marketing, medicine, psychology, public health, sports, among many. Statisticians provide crucial guidance in determining what information is reliable and which predictions can be trusted. They often help try for clues to the solution of a scientific mystery and sometimes keep investigators from being misled by false impressions. Some precedents that statistics are used are Statistics also provide the reasoning and methods for producing and understanding data. Statisticians are specialists, but statistics demands they be generalists, to o.One advantage of working in statistics is that you can combine your interest with almost any opposite field in science, technology, or business. Another is Studies of the environment require data on the abundance and location of plants and animals, on the spread of pollution from its sources, and on the accomplishable effects of changes in human activities. The data are often incomplete or uncertain, but statisticians can help uncover their meaning. One last example is the future of many industries and their employees depends on improvement in the quality of goods and services and the efficiency with which they are produced and delivered.Improvement should be based on data, rather than guesswork. more(prenominal) companies are installing elaborate systems to collect and act on data to better serve their customers. Statisticians must know more than statistics. A statistician who plant in medicine or in a manufacturing plant or in market research must learn enough medicine or en gineering or marketing to understand the data in their setting. Statisticians need the ability to work with other people, to listen, and to communicate.Referenceshttp//www.amstat.org/careers/whatisstatistics.cfm

Evaluating biological methods for treating wastewater

Evaluating biologic methods for treating wastewaterThere atomic number 18 many biological methods for treating wastewater. Among them the around popular processes ar hang appendage processes and the boifilm likewise known as machine-accessible goth . Both the above mentioned processes atomic number 18 used to treat wastewater by different mechanisms and variations in their principle of surgical procedure for removal of carbonaceous innate matter, nutrients (i.e. nitrogen and phosphorous) and production of biorenewable methane. Attached harvest or fixed-film methods be biological treatment based. In these the microorganisms convert the positive signifys in wastewater to air and cell tissues are wedded to some inert medium. The inert media used in given over fruit process is scurvy trap rock, limestone granite, wood slats clinkers, , plastic tubes, hard coal materials and corrugated plastic section over which wastewater is distributed. Biological slime layer (i.e., zoogleal slime) develops on border media as wastewater flows over it. Because of the concentration gradient, all the native pollutants those are dissolved in wastewater are carried into the slime layer, results in organic oxidation. Removing organic pollutants is do by microorganisms which are present in biological slime film. Rotating biological contactors, Trickling filters, packed bed reactors are the examples for aerobic attached harvest-time process. The examples of anaerobic attached reaping are anaerobic packed and fluidized bed reactors.Suspended growth processes are the biological treatment processes in which the microorganisms convert the organic matter, nutrients in wastewater to gases and rotating devices in the liquid will keep the cell tissues in suspension cells tissues. Examples for aerobic suspend growth process treatment are municipal and industrial wastewater. Anaerobic hang growth processes are used when there is a need to treat high organic concentration industrial wastewaters and organic sludges. Activated sludge process, aerated lagoons, aerobic digestion are the examples for aerobic suspended growth processes and anaerobic digestion and anaerobic contact are the examples for anaerobic suspended growth processes. The schematics of both the attached growth and suspended growth processes for biological treatment of wastewater are shown in Figure 1. The objective of this essay is to compare and personal line of credit both the attached, suspended growth processes for biological treatment of wastewater in terms of their microbial ecology and review their comparative advantages and disadvantages. In addition, the essay excessively elaborates and discusses how these processes whoremonger be adapted to (a) remove nutrients and (b) produce biorenewable methane from wastewater by emphasising the microbiological principles involved.2. Comparison and Contrast of Microbial Ecology of Biological Wastewater Treatment The attached growth / Suspended Growth ProcessesThe first basic difference between attached growth and fixed film brasss is the relative motion of contact. In attached growth dodge media is at rest and the sewage flows over it where as in suspended formation, sewage and contact media are in relative motion. In attached growth processes, a conservative microbial slime arrangement is considered. The waste water stream is applied on the air-renewable surface. This water stream has minerals and organic substrate. This substance is then metabolized by the Micro organisms in wastewater. This is done in order to increase their nation by releasing some energy. In fact, it substructurenot be considered as an aerobic system, but a device to do aerobic treatment. facultative micro organisms are present in it so it git be considered facultative. They are Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Flavobacterium, and Micrococcus. This kind of Aerobic bacterium, like Bacillus, is mostly seen in the upper, aerobic slime surfac es (McKinney 1962). In case when an anaerobic zone or anoxic is created in thick slime layer, force anaerobe Desulfovibrio and sulfur-reducing bacteria are being removed from slime-medium interface (Rogovskaya M. F. Lazareva 1962). At this case the microbial slime system is know how to grow odours and possibly sloughing takes places because of the production of gases in these interior slimes. Fungi are nothing but aerobic microorganisms existing in the aerobic zone of the slime. These as well fester the untreated substrate in wastewater. The effectiveness of fungus is important under relatively low pH situation or with unusual industrial effluents because fungus is null to bacteria for their food under usual environmental conditions. Algae increasing on the surface of attached microbial slime are usually an deceitful element of the microorganisms population, incomplete to illuminated exteriors and they are clearly liberal to organic substances and high levels of carbon dioxide. A lthough algae add oxygen to the wastewater, they have been stimulated with certificate of indebtedness for bed blockage and are considered to be difficult from an actional position (Hawkes 1963). The protozoa are the principally thin animals with all shape from the Phytomastigophora to Suctoria are the dogmatic agents of bacterails population and they cant stable the waste. The free-swimming ciliates present at the slime surface, while the followed ciliates attendance is main in the lower regions of slime. Advanced animals like worms, snails and louse larvae nourish on the lower forms of microorganisms in slime system. They also exist in the higher aerobic areas can help to keep the bacterial population in a state of high growth or swift food use. Early learning on attached growth populations was intended at the control of the nuisance organisms (filter flies) in dribbling filters by flooding, chlorination and the use of various pesticides. A complete description of the organis ms give in close growth system has been presented by Cooke (1959) and the list of a range of organisms can be nominate from Wang et al. (2009). Attached enlargement processes microbial slime are short term preservation plans that should not act as effective reduction devices for S. typhosa, S. paratyphi, and Mycobacteria tuberculosis and for pathogenic protozoa, such as Entamoeba histolytica (Pierce 1978). For low organic loading, attached growth system does some nitrification since of the presence of genus Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter. However, for high organic loading, nitrification in a trickling filter or similar system may be absent or nominal (Shammas Wang 2009).In contrast to the attached growth process, the suspended growth process maintains the microorganisms responsible for treatment within the suspension in flocs. In this process, there are several microorganisms involved to treat wastewater. The suspended growth flocs contain bacterial cells, early(a) microorganisms, inorganic and organic particles. The floc size is 1-1000 mm. Figure 2 illustrates the main microorganisms in the suspended growth microbial community. For the ATP analysis and dehydrogenase activity, the viable cells would account for 5-20% of the total cells. Some authors said that active fraction of bacteria in suspended growth flocs is only 1-3% of total bacteria (Hanel 1988).Suspended growth floc contains prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms, which can be observed with unvarying phase-contrast microscopy. The major genera in the flocs are Zooglea, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Alcaligenes, Achromobacter, Corynebacterium, Comomonas, Brevibacterium, Acinetobacter, Bacillus spp., as well as filamentous microorganisms. The population of bacteria decrease as the floc size increase results in little oxygen level in the flocs (Hanel, 1988). Anoxic zones can happen within flocs, depending on the accessibility of oxygen attention in the tank car and these zones will vanish when t he oxygen concentration exceeds 4 mg/L.The internal regions in large flocs favor the growth of anaerobic bacteria such as methanogens or sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Thus, pendant growth system could be a suitable and fitting seed material for starting anaerobic reactors. Gram disallow bacteria are main in suspended growth flocs. Hundreds of bacterial damage flourish in suspended growth but only small portion can be spoted by culture-based techniques. Bacteria oxidize the organic substance and change nutrient alteration and produce polymeric materials which aid in the flocculation of microbial biomass. In aerobic pendant enlargement process, the total bacterial counts in order of 108 CFU/mg of sludge. Suspended growth flocs also shelter autophytic bacteria such as nitrifiers (Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter), which convert ammonium to nitrate. Phototrophic bacteria such as the purple nonsulfur bacteria (Rhodospirillaceae), green sulfur bacteria are found at much lower levels and they play a minor role in carbonaceous organic matter removal in suspended growth processes. The suspended growth system does not usually favour the growth of fungi, although some fungal filaments are observed in suspended growth flocs. The preponderating genera found in suspended growth system are Geotrichum, Penicillium, Cephalosporium, Cladosporium, and Alternaria, which grow under specific conditions of low pH, toxicity, and nitrogen-deficient wastes. Protozoa helps in reducing carbonaceous matter, suspended solids, and numbers of bacteria, including pathogens (Curds Hawkes 1983). There is an inverse relationship between the number of protozoa in mixed liquor and the carbonaceous matter and suspended solids concentration in suspended growth effluents. Changes in the protozoan community reflect the food-to-microorganisms (F/M) ratio, nitrification, sludge age, or dissolved oxygen level in the aeration tank. The protozoan species composition of pioneer sludge indicates the carbonac eous matter removal efficiency of the process. For example, the presence of large numbers of stalked ciliates and rotifers indicate a low carbonaceous matter. The ecological taking over of microorganisms in suspended growth treatment system is illustrated in Figure 3. The ciliates (free, creeping, and stalked ciliates) are used for locomotion and for pushing food particles into the mouth, which are most abundant protozoa in suspended growth systems. Stalked, Creeping ciliates ciliates are attached to the flocs. These protozoa move via one or several flagella and take up food via the mouth or via absorption through their cell wall. The role of rotifers in suspended growth system is They help to remove suspended bacteria, other small particles and contribute to the clarification of wastewater. They are also capable of ingesting Cryptosporidium oocysts in wastewater and thus serve as vectors for the transmission of this parasite.They contribute to floc arrangement by producing fecal p ellets surrounded by mucus. The presence of rotifers at later stages of suspended growth system is because of the fact that these animals display a strong cilial action that helps in feeding on reduced numbers of suspended bacteria.3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Attached Growth and Suspended Growth Processes of Biological Wastewater TreatmentThe advantages of attached growth processes are low maintenance, low energy requirements, and, overall, less technology involved. These assets making them fit for wastewater treatment for small communities, as well as individual homes. In comparison with suspended growth process the main advantages of attached growth processes is simpler operation, no bulking problems, and better recovery from shock loads (Metcalf turn 2003). An attached growth process is very effective for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal, nitrification, and denitrification. A disadvantage of attached growth processes are larger area, ineffectual in cold weather, and create odor problems. An unprotected attached growth plant is vulnerable to below freezing weather and its recirculation restricted during cold weather. It is less effective in the treatment of higher organic waste. Raw wastewater must be provided to primary treatment to remove the larger solids and floating debris, because these solids can clog the treatment system. The comparative advantages and disadvantages of attached growth and suspended growth processes of wastewater treatment are illustrated in Table 1 and 2, respectively.4. Nutrient remotion by Attached Growth and Suspended Growth Processes of Biological Wastewater TreatmentNutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous) can be removed from incoming wastewater by biological means in both the attached growth and suspended growth processes. To remove the nitrogen from, we must have to do nitrification followed by de-nitrification. Phosphorous can be removed from wastewater through assimilation of phosphorous in microbial cell.Using nitrifying reactors nitrogen removal can be done in wastewater treatment using attached growth process based trickling. Experiments on nitrifying filters reveal that adsorption, desorption as well as de-nitrification can occur in attached growth bio-film to convert ammonium. At low organic loading the attached growth system does some nitrification because of the presence of bacteria like Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter but at higher organic loading nitrification in a trickling filter is absent or nominal. The three-stage attached growth process can be used for carbonaceous oxidation, nitrification, and de-nitrification.In case of suspended growth process, the flocs shelter autotrophic bacteria (Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter), which change ammonium to nitrate. These species occur in clusters and they are in close contact in pending growth flocs and in biofilms. Fungi are also able to do nitrification and denitrification in suspended growth process. Compensation of a fungi-based dealing syst em are their capability to carry out nitrification in a oneness step, and they show great confrontation to repressive compounds. Molecular methods like aggressive PCR method showed that Nitrosomonas is (an ammonia water oxidizing bacterium or AOB) 0.0033% of the total bacterial population and Nitrospira is (a nitrite oxidizing bacterium or NOB) 0.39% for NOB are present in suspended growth system. Features like ammonia/nitrite concentration, oxygen concentration, pH, temperature, BOD5/TKN ratio, and the attendance of toxic chemicals control nitrification kinetics in suspended growth system (Metcalf and Eddy 2003). The growth of a nitrifying population in suspended growth system depends on the surplus rate of the sludge and, consequently, on the BOD load, MLSS, and mean cell preservation time. The growth rate of nitrifiers is inferior in sewage and consequently a long sludge age is essential for the change of ammonia to nitrate. If the age of sludge is more than 4 days, then we be e xpecting nitrification. There are two processes by which nitrification can be attained in suspended growth reactors(i) Combined carbon oxidation-nitrification (single-stage nitrification system) this process wokrs at high BOD5/TKN ratio and has a low population of nitrifiers. The oxygen requirement is exerted by heterotrophs (Figure 4).Nitrification must be followed by denitrification to remove nitrogen from wastewater. The rate of denitrification is independent of nitrate concentration but depends on the concentration of biomass and electron donor (e.g., methanol) in wastewater. The schematic of single sludge denitrification system is shown in Figure 6. Some more efficient methods based on suspended growth system to remove nitrogen in wastewater are Bardenpho Process (Figure 7), Sharon-Anammox Process and Completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite process.Biological phosphorous removal can be done with the basic steps of an anaerobic zone followed by an aerobic zone. Duri ng the aerobic stage match uptake takes and in anaerobic stage it is released subsequently (Manning and Irvine 1985 Meganck and Faup 1988 USEPA 1987). The phosphorus removal processes can be divided into mainstream and side stream processes. The alternating exposure to anaerobic conditions can be accomplished in the main biological treatment process. The most popular phosphorous removal systems based on suspended growth process like A/O Process, Bardenpho Process, and UCT Process are shown in Figure 8-10, respectively.5. Production of Biorenewable Methane by Attached Growth and Suspended Growth Processes of Biological Wastewater TreatmentSeveral attached growth and suspended growth processes like anaerobic digestion and microbial fuel cell are generally employed to produce biorenewable methane (CH4). A series of microbiological processes will takes place in anaerobic digestion tank to convert organic compounds to methane, carbon dioxide, and reduce the volatile solids by 35 to 60%. Bacteria and methanogens are the responsible species in stabilization of wastewater sludges and for the treatment of industrial and urban wastewaters. Anaerobic digestion produces less amounts of sludge (3-20 times less than aerobic processes). Most of the energy derived from substrate breakdown is found in the final product, CH4. Only 5% is converted into biomass under anaerobic conditions and 50% of organic carbon is converted to biomass under aerobic conditions, whereas. This biogas (mainly CH4) produced from anaerobic digestion contains about 90% of the energy of calorific value of 9000 kcal/m3, and is burned on site to provide heat for digesters. Furthermore, synergistic interactions between the various groups of microorganisms are implicated in anaerobic digestion of wastes. The overall reaction can be written as Although some fungi and protozoa (anaerobic protozoa) found in anaerobic digesters, bacteria and methanogens are undoubtedly the dominant microorganisms. Large numb ers of facultative anaerobic bacteria (e.g., Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus) are used in the hydrolysis and fermentation of organic compounds. Four types of microorganisms are involved in the transformation of complex materials into simple molecules such as methane and carbon dioxide. The process for methane production through anaerobic digestion is shown in Figure 11.6. ConclusionsThe attached growth and suspended growth processes are most widely used for biological treatment of urban wastewater with respective and comparative advantages and disadvantages. The successful design and operation of attached growth and suspended growth processes for biological wastewater treatment require an understanding of microbial ecology of each process, types of microorganisms involved, the specific reactions that they perform, the environmental factors that touch their performance, their nutritional needs, and their reaction kinetics. In contrast to the m icrobial ecology of the suspended growth processes where the microorganisms responsible for treatment grow in suspension, the active bacteria in attached growth processes cling to some solid surface, natural or manmade, to perform the treatment. It can be inferred that the suspended growth processes are more desirable and advantageous for carbonaceous organic matter removal along with nutrient removal and production of biorenewable methane from urban wastewater in comparison to the attached growth processes.

Developed Nations and Underdeveloped Nations Economic Growth

Developed Nations and Under authentic Nations sparing GrowthForecasting the gap of frugal Growth between the Developed Nations and Under positive Nations(Application of Winter Forecasting).Muhammad BilalLiterature ReviewIn 1981 street of Beijing, China was filled with pedestrians, bicycles, a few cars and small buildings. 30 years later the same street having traffic-jam of cars and skyscrapers. How this city transformed into a mega-city having underground train stations, state of the art technology and high standards of alive. This is the effect of aliment and rapid sparingal maturation. What is economic information? and how we can obtain these astonishing results out of it. During the speech of 1949, US President Harry Truman, identified the main mention for the west is instruction of underdeveloped region. The term sparing Development is principally used in m each separate synonymous terms such as economic growth, economic welf ar, secular change and economic progre ss. sparing increase, as it is now habitually understood, includes the development of agriculture, industry, trade, transport, means of irrigation, power resources, etc. economic development has been defined in different ways and as such it is difficult to locate any single definition which may be regarded entirely satis eventory. economic development applies in the context of peoples sense of morals (Normative Concept).Michael Todaro defines economic development as an raise in living standards, self-esteem and freedom from unjust lesson of authority as well as a greater options. Distinction was drawn between standards of living (subjective or value based concept of economic development) and levels of living (objective and accompaniment based concept) in article International Definition and Measurement of Standards and Levels of Living (UN, 1954). Positive economics or levels of living can be tested. So we can say that economic development is the quantitative and qualitative c hanges in the saving. Economic development is sum of actions of policy makers and communities that encourage the standard of living and economic health. Such actions can involve multiple dimensions including development of human big(p), critical infrastructure, regional competitiveness, environmental sustainability, social inclusion, health, safety, literacy, and other initiatives.Economic development and economic growth ar different concept. Whereas economic development concern with policy intervention which originated in aftermath of war the re redoion started by the US. The economic development of a nation or humanity is generally linked with growing incomes and associated increases in consumption, investment, and savings. These meridians are clearly open to debate. Dictionary of Economics article on Development Economics, Bell (1989) utilized the pioneer and latecomer as an organizing framework given that independent countries start out as poor in a human where at that poin t rich nation. Economic development was visually perceived as a operation in which latecomer get closer to pioneers. Per capita income can be use as proxy for measurement of development as various social indicators for instance educational attainment, health, etc.As discussed above, it is sensible to come to the point that international organizations approach to development construct are very differently. One justification for this variety of concept is that economic theory does not give any direction to that matter. Although another explanation is that every organization has their own specific mandate therefore may approach this matter with different mindset and perception. Economic development refers to an upward trend in real national output over a long period. Although the upward trend means that each ordered cyclical peak and trough is generally at a higher level of real national output than the preceding peak and trough respectively.thither is a positive relationship between the real national income and economic development if all other things remain the same. Higher real national income of a country is considered to be an indication of higher economic development and vice versa. In Short it is implies that the real national income is a good tool for mensuration economic development of a country. However it could be an inadequate tool for measuring economic development, but it can be used for global development comparisons among nations. Purchasing power of national income should be taken into account while quantifying economic development. in that location is another method (HDI) for measuring development which takes into account the literacy rank and life expectancy which affects output and could result in Economic Growth. It also entails raise in the per capita income.Economic development leads to the economic growth which is a needful condition but not sufficient and we can say Economic growth follows many different ways, and not all of them ar e sustainable. Certainly, there are numerous researchers who argue that globe has limited resources so any form of economic growth is sooner or later unsustainable. Economic Growth does not consider the reduction in natural resources which might lead to greenhouse gasses, overcrowding and diseases. Development however is concerned with sustainability which means meet the requirements of the present with no via media on future.From now on we take a look at what exactly Economic Growth is and impart go through some measures of it. Economic growth is the increase in the capacity or increase in the market worth of the goods and services produced by a country over period. Economic growth indicator the standardized gross domestic product is used to compare economy of one period of cartridge holder to another or one country to other. It is traditionally calculated in nominal term (which means inflation adjusted GDP), the ratio of GDP to population it is also called per capita income. -Economic growth is a process in which country achieve high real national income in long period of time. There are a few approaches to gauge Economic growth.The fact should be consider while using Economic Growth as proxy for economic development that it does not take into consideration the informal economy also known as the black economy.Development improves the standards of living and proper employment with appropriate shelter. Consequently, as well known economist Amartya Sen points out that Economic Growth is a piece of the big puzzle the economic development. During the period of high inflation the Growth rate may be much higher. The fact should be considered that growth rate (in short term) also rise and fall with business cycles. Economic boom accompanied the rising inflation which is followed by recession.It has been discover by statisticians that Developed countries have higher GDP per capita (Easterly 2002). It is argue that GDP per capita may increase due to the incremen t in incomes of richer groups in the society so we can say that per capita GDP growth may not reduce the poverty or societal development. It is observed by Dependency theorists that poor nations sometimes experience economic growth with modest or no economic development initiatives.There are many indicator of economic growth kindred Increase in the capital, progress in technology, and enchantment in the quality and literacy Rate are considered to be the main factors of economic growth. Recently the idea of sustainable growth has brought in additional factors. Underdeveloped nations which are not using their resources fully and having lower livelihood, low Human Development Index (HDI) as compared to other countries.A GDP that is growing at a high rate is thought to be greatest sign that an economy is evolution and thriving. This is the reason nations like China and Brazil were considered so important in 2010s. It wasnt on account of they had gotten to be major economic power it wa s on the argument that they were headed to wind up major financial powers because of their high GDP development rates. So nations regularly stay informed regarding how rapid different nations are developing to anticipate (describe a possible future event) what the worldwide economy will look like later on. Influential economies need to know who their new enemies will be. Gross internal Product (GDP) is a sort of monetary apparatus that is used by governments and economists as a method for measuring economic growth in an express period. For the most part, the estimation of GDP is used because of its significance in the figuring of how well the economy is performing. All things considered, the relationship in the between the GDP and economic growth is the way that GDP serves as a method for study how an economy is acting. GDP tries to gauge the aggregate utilization of resource inside the economy.Although, GDP is a part measure of the numerous features of our modern economy. The mos t well-known refrain went for GDP is that it lets us know minimal about our general or individual monetary welfare. Development concerns not barely mans material needs but also the improvement of the social condition of his life. Development is, therefore, not only economic growth, but growth plus change in social, cultural and institutional as well as economic. This definition encompasses economic and non-economic aspects of development the substitution point of this definition is that quantitative and qualitative changes in development variables are considered essential ingredients of economic development. Thus, we can conclude that economic development is a process rather than the result of it which results in a rise in real national income, and the net national product must have a preserve increase i.e., it must be over a long period of time.How do we construct a classification system based on countries development attainment? The World Bank and the IMF approach this issue di fferently. Do high levels of GDP necessarily correspond with high levels of development? Necessarily not because countries like India and China having way higher levels of GDP than countries like Belgium and New Zealand, but hardly any would suggest that latter are economically less developed than the former. Main reason behind that may be politically acceptable minimum living standards differ greatly from country to country it implies poverty lines are country specific, which hinder comparison of countries with respect to their economic development.There is no criterion (either grounded in theory or based on an objective benchmark) that is generally accepted for classifying countries according to their level of development because development is not a concept that can provide a basis upon which countries can be classified.There are large differences in the standard of living enjoyed by citizens of different countries. For example, in 2009 a citizen in Burkina Faso earned on average US$510 as compared to US$37,870 for a Japanese citizen, and while in Burkina Faso 29 percent of the adult population was literate and a new-born baby could expect to live 53 years, virtually all adults in Japan were literate and a Japanese new-born baby could expect to live 83 years. Another possible justification for the absence seizure of a generally accepted classification system is the inherent normative nature of any such system. In 1960s developing and developed spoken language are became the more common way to characterize countries, especially in the context of policy discussions on transferring real resources from richer (developed) to poorer (developing) countries (Pearson et al, 1969).This could suggest that a developing/developed country dichotomy is too restrictive and that a classification system with more than two categories could better capture the diversity in development outcomes across countries. It is more complicated develop a classification system. There are two problems that need to be addressed. One, it is not clear what is the correct number of categories. deuce countries measured development attainment are most likely all different and a procedure is needed to tweak the development attainments that is to say construct a synthetic distribution to ensure that countries within each category have the same.A developed economy is the characterized by increase in capital resources, improvement in efficiency of labor, better organization of production in all spheres, development of means of transport and communication, growth of banks and other financial institutions, urbanization and a rise in the level of living, improvement in the standards of education and expectation of life, greater leisure and more recreation facilities and the widening of the mental eyeshot of the people. 1) Significance of Industrial Sector. 2) High Rate of Capital Formation. 3) Use of High Production Techniques and Skills. A country that is lessdevelopedeconomi callythan most others, with petiteindustryand littlemoneyspentoneducation,healthcare.There is huge debate on this topic that which countries fit these two categories of developed and underdeveloped, although GDP is general reference points to compare nations. This paper use time series method to forecast the upcoming condition of economy. It comprises the use of statistical methods and using factor GDP. We will use GDP to forecast the economical growth gap between the developed nations and underdeveloped nations. It is an important tool for countries as they devise future proviso and strategies. I will use Holt winter to forecast the gap of economic growth. The Holt-Winters method has found to be the best and simple method to forecast time series.ReferencesBradford, C. (2010). Economic Growth and Equity Investing. Financial Analysts Journal, 66, 54-64.Reddaway, W. (1963). The Economics of Under-Developed Countries. The Economic Journal, 73, 1-12.William, F. (1964). Differential ra tes of growth, developed and underdeveloped nations, and their implications. Journal of farm economics, 46, 1043-1050.Minh, Q. (2009). Poverty, income distribution, and Agriculture in developing Countries. Journal of economic,36, 168-183.Harold, B. (1969). Growth in developed nations. The review of economics and statistics, 51, 143-148.Williams, T. (1987). Adaptive Holt-Winters Forecasting. The Journal of the Operational Research Society, 38, 553-560.

Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic conditions have been defined as health problems that look on-going management over a period of years or decades and have been labelled as the biggest challenge faced by the health sector in the 21st century (WHO, 200211). While the economic cost of managing them is high, Suhrcke, Fahey McKee (2008) identify some strong economic arguments that may be made in support of the lead for societies to invest in their (chronic sicknesss) management. They identify some primary benefits such(prenominal) as improved health (in terms of patients quantity and reference of career in years), vast-term cost savings from complications that atomic number 18 prevented, and workplace productivity experienced by patients and their employers. Management of such conditions are no longer evaluated by the rates of natural selection alone but, besides, by the reference of life history experienced by patients as a result of the therapy (Bowling, 2005)Chronic Kidney D isease (CKD) is becoming a global pandemic (Mahon, 2006 Chen, Scott, Mattern, Mohini Nissenson, 2006 Clements Ashurst, 2006). The disease causes gradual decline in kidney function (Silvestri, 2002). It has been categorised into 5 stages according to the glomerular filtration rates (Johnson Usherwood, 2005) and the progression through these stages is influenced by several processes, for the most part lifestyle-related (Riegersperger Sunder-Plassmann, 2007). Patients with stage 5 kidney disease (end stage) must receive kidney transplant, peritoneal dialysis or haemodialysis to survive (Niu Li, 2005). However, Wu et al. (2004) identifies that many patients undergo either haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis because kidneys are, mostly, not available for transplant. Between these two treatment methods, haemodialysis is more common in many countries (Jablonski, 2007 Zhang et al., 2007 Martchev, 2008) although Carmichael et al. (2000) report that about 50% of dialysis patients in t he joined Kingdom are on some form of peritoneal dialysis.The two common treatment modalities for kidney failure (haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis) have the same primary purposes to select metabolic waste and excess fluids, and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance the functions the kidneys have failed to perform (Martchev, 2008 Timmers et al, 2008). However, each of them places unique demands on the patient as well as the healthcare team. For instance, patients on conventional haemodialysis have to spend between trio to iv hours on the machine for three times in a week (Rayment Bonner, 2007 Dunn, 1993). This, in addition to transportation to and from the haemodialysis centre or hospital, if they are not on home haemodialysis, affects their work or family life (Martchev, 2008). Likewise, patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), the most common form of peritoneal dialysis, have to allow dialysate to dwell within their peritoneal cavity for an average o f four hours and exchange of the dialysate is done about four times in a day (Dunn, 1993 Bowman Martin, 1999 Gonzalez-Perez et al., 2005). Moreover, compliance to dialysis regimen is genuinely difficult because of all the dietetic and fluid restrictions and other lifestyle modification associated with it (Cleary Drennan, 2005 Timmers et al., 2008 Martchev, 2008).Presently, more than 23,000 adults in the UK undergo dialysis treatment as a result of kidney failure and this number is expected to affix yearly (World Kidney Day, 2009). Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital (Ghana) recorded 558 cases of chronic kidney disease between January 2006 and July 2008 in the country (All Africa, 2009) and this may represent less than 30% of the total disease burden as the hospital serves a few regions in the country.I once encountered a 27-year old young man who had been diagnosed with kidney failure. At that point in time, my concern was the kind of life he would experience depending on dialysis for s urvival. Cleary and Drennan (2005) identifies that patients with kidney failure have lower shade of life than the general healthy population go Loos et al. (2003), also, identify that patients with kidney failure have poor fictitious character of life as compared to other patients with other chronic diseases. Complications such as anaemia and fatigue may contribute to the lower quality of life in patients with kidney failure (Phillips, Davies White, 2001). Therefore, management of kidney failure should not only be cost-effective, but should also provide satisfactory quality of life for the patients (Kring Crane, 2009). How, then, can health professionals provide an acceptable quality of life for persons diagnosed with kidney failure? Major roles played by health care force play include educating, encouraging, and serviceing patients to choose the treatment modality that is best for their unique needs (Niu Li, 2005). It is, therefore, appropriate for nurses to know which of th e two kinds of treatment modalities promises an acceptable quality of life for individual patients, and this knowledge should be supported by appropriate evidence gathered through quality inquiry.In the 21st century, patients feelings and perceptions on health care are paramount to the feelings and perceptions of the health care providers (Bowling, 2005). Therefore, studying the quality of life, as experienced by patients on a specific regimen, requires the direct, subjective judgements of the patients and not the object assessment of the health care provider (Kring Crane, 2009). However, quality of life lacks a unanimous definition as a fantasy, making interpretation and synthesis of studies on it very difficult (Cleary Drennan, 2005 Kring Crane, 2009). interrogationers and theorists have reached a consensus on some characteristics of quality of life as a concept it is multidimensional, temporal and subjective (Bredow, Peterson Sandau, 2009). The multidimensional aspect o f the concept comprises of the physical, psychological and social capabilities of the person (McDowell, 1996 cited by Fortin et al., 2004). It is temporal because people can change their values and perceptions to fix the changes in their perceived quality of life as circumstances change (Sprangers Schwartz, 1999). It is subjective because, as stated earlier, patients perceptions and feelings on such an outcome supersede that of the health care provider. Nevertheless, Tobita and Hyde (2007) states that there are some objective measures such as age and gender that can influence the measurement of quality of life.Different subjective tools have, therefore, been developed to measure subjective aspects of quality of life but these are of two kinds generic and disease-specific measures (Tobita Hyde, 2007). Generic tools measure broad aspects and can be apply for several types of diseases at different locations and for different heathenish groups while disease-specific tools are for sp ecific types of diseases or patient groups (Patrick Deyo, 1989). When the two kinds of tools are combined, different populations can be compared and sensitivity to the changes that might occur with time is enhance (Wu et al., 2004). The generic tool that is commonly used to measure quality of life is the Medical Outcomes Study Questionnaire 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) (Neto et al., 2000 Fortin et al., 2004 Morsch, Gonalves Barros, 2006). Carmichael et al. (2000) identify that three disease-specific measures have been designed for dialysis patients and these are Kidney Disease Questionnaire (KDQ), a questionnaire designed by Parfrey et al. and the Kidney Disease Quality of Life questionnaire (KDQOL).Polaschek (2003) identifies that most of the studies that have been undertaken to explore the quality of life of patients with kidney failure have used the quantitative approach. However, he adds that a few nursing studies have used soft methodologies in an attempt to unde rstand the quality of life as experienced by patients on dialysis. For example, Al-Arabi (2006) used the naturalistic enquiry method to identify how the challenges faced by patients with kidney failure influence their quality of life. Sadala and Loreon (2006) also used a phenomenological approach to explore patients perspective on their dependence on haemodialysis machines for survival. Grounded theory approach has, also, been used Kaba et al. (2007) to understand patients experience of kidney failure and dialysis in Greece.So far, this essay has addressed the poorer quality of life experienced by patients with chronic conditions, with special emphasis on that of patients with kidney failure. It has, also, touched on the attempts made by theorists and researchers to conceptualise and assess quality of life. Development of tools to measure subjective quality of life has created more diversity in the assessment of quality of life of patients, either by the use of quantitative or quali tative methodologies. It has been stated earlier that nurses and other health personnel assist patients in choosing the treatment modality that is best for their condition with the best available evidence. Therefore, the question for healthcare providers to answer is does peritoneal dialysis, compared to haemodialysis, provide a better quality of life for patients with kidney failure? The next section would look at ways by which health care providers can use research to generate answers to the above question.This section would critically appraise various research methods that could be employed to answer my research question does peritoneal dialysis, compared to haemodialysis, provide a better quality of life for patients with kidney failure? Empirical research, audit/service evaluation and systematic review of published studies are the approaches that would be considered in this essayEmpirical ResearchQualitative and quantitative designs could be used to answer the above research question. However, steps to control bias and to ensure reliability of the findings should be considered (Polit Cheryl, 2008). Consideration should also be given to ethical issues (Robson,..)Qualitative research is the best approach when questions on what, how and why on a phenomenon are to be answered (Green Thorogood, 2004). Some of the research traditions that are used in qualitative studies include ethnography, phenomenology and grounded theory (Polit Cheryl, 2008). To understand quality of life, as experienced by dialysis patients from their own perspective, phenomenological approach appears to be more appropriate. Polit and Cheryl (2008) identify that phenomenological study focuses on the meaning and importance attached to a phenomenon by those experiencing it and suggest that this approach is beneficial for studies on concepts that have been poorly defined, such as quality of life.If phenomenological approach is used for my research question, I would interview dialysis pati ents on how kidney failure and dialysis have affected their quality of life, after obtaining their informed comply for the study. However, Ashworth (1996) states that researchers using descriptive phenomenological approach by Husserl should set past all their preconceptions on the phenomenon that is being studied (bracketing). For instance, now that I know that dialysis patients have a poorer quality of life, as compared to other patients with other chronic diseases or the general healthy population, I should be able to set such an idea aside during the collection and analysis of data. But Polit and Cheryl (2008) identify that researchers using interpretive phenomenology approach by Heideggar acknowledge that bracketing is not possible in empirical studies. Nevertheless, both types of phenomenological studies require the researcher to be open to all meanings that are given to a phenomenon by those experiencing it and maintain such an attitude when analysing the data and describing the findings.One limitation of phenomenology, however, is that petty number of participants can be used for each distinctive phenomenological study, usually ten participants or less (Polit Cheryl, 2008). Phenomenology shares other limitations of qualitative research methods. Given (2006) identifies that qualitative research generate a lot of data, even when the sample size is small. He also states that collecting and analysing data may take a long time and results may not be generalised because of the small number of participants. Therefore, even though phenomenology and other qualitative methods may offer me rich and in-depth training on dialysis patients perspectives on their quality of life, a qualitative design may not be suitable to answer this research question for generalisation purposes.

Technology and the Future of State University :: Technology Education Essays

Technology and the Future of State UniversityIn the future, State University ordaining be tremendously touch on by technology. Through computers, State Universitys technology leave alone expand. Every student will own a laptop. There will also be a finger print security system installed, and an honor code will be enforced. Finally, the sports facilities and buildings at State University will be redesigned so that they will be state of the art buildings. We live in a world of electronic writing. In the future, every student enrolled at State University will have to leverage a laptop computer. With this new program, teachers will have to have more education to teach these classes and students will reach from this better education. The Internet will be available to all students in every classroom. I am already being trained to be knowledgeable of computers. Luckily, this will help me for job interviews. galore(postnominal) classes will not meet in the classroom but rather online in the comfort of each students own dorm room. This self-teaching method of the future will interest many high schoolers and cause many positive decisions pertaining to whether or not they will attend college.Birkerts states, The fate of the book moldiness be considered side by side with the fate of the electronic chip and screen based technologies(p.479). Just as he explains, through increases in technology, students will all have access to computerized testing, and this luxury will be more convenient for both teachers and students. Teachers will be able to post tests and daily assignments over the Internet. This will be another luxury for students in the future. These availabilities will allow for grades to be posted via email daily, and this will encourage students to navigate the Internet. Obviously, the promptness of this promotion will benefit the test takers. Getting scores back from taken tests soon after they are checked and graded by the computerized syste m will enhance each students learning experience. This new grading system will not only give the students their grade, but also will list the incorrect answers that each student chose along with the correct answer. The accurateness of the grading system dealing with information pertaining to correct and incorrect answers will also benefit the student while he or she prepares for the cumulative exam. Needless to say, the fate of the book and paper copy tests is slowly diminishing.

Ansel Adams :: essays papers

Ansel AdamsAnsel Easton Adams was born in San Francisco in 1902, the only child of Charles and Olive Adams. He grew up in a house overlooking the Golden Gate Bridge and had a strong appreciation for beauty. By 1908 Adams was an enormously curious and gifted child, and began a mentally ill and largely unsuccessful journey through the rigid structure of the public school system. In 1914 Adams taught himself to play the piano and excelled at his serious subject field of music, until now he despised the regimentation of a regular education, and was taken out of school. For that year, his father bought him a season pass to the Panama-Pacific Exposition, which he visited nearly every day, and began to flummox cloistered scholastic instruction from tutors. In 1916 Adams convinced his parents to take a family vacation in Yosemite National Park. It was here that he took his first picture at the while of 14 with a box Brownie camera given to him by his parents. Ansel immediately developed an enthusiastic interest in both photography and the nati In 1931 he began writing a photography column for The Fortnightly. He could no longer keep up with orders for his prints or requests for him to exhibit. In 1932, Adams with Imogen Cunningham, Willard Van Dyke, Edward Weston, and new(prenominal) proponents of handsome photography, founded Group f.64, and was part of the renowned Group f.64 exhibition at the M. H. de Young Museum, San Francisco. In 1933 his son Michael was born and two years later his young woman Anne was born. ever so striving to improve the field of photography he developed his Zone System technique of exposure and development control while inform at the Art Center School in Los Angeles. For his accomplishments he was granted the GuggenheimFellowship, so that he could continue his photography. In 1949 he becomes a consultant to the freshly founded Polaroid Corporation. For many years he continued to photograph commercially, virtually extensively for Un iversities in California. In 1959 he moderated a series of five films for television, once once more demonstrating h On April 22 1984 AnselEaston Adams died of heart failure aggravated by cancer. Major stories appeared on all primary television networks and on the front foliate of most newspapers nationwide. A commemorative exhibition and memorial celebration was held in Carmel. California Senators Alan Cranston and Pete Wilson sponsored successful legislation to create an Ansel Adams Wilderness Area of more than 100,000 commonwealth amid Yosemite National Park and the John Muir Wilderness Area.Ansel Adams essays papersAnsel AdamsAnsel Easton Adams was born in San Francisco in 1902, the only child of Charles and Olive Adams. He grew up in a house overlooking the Golden Gate Bridge and had a strong appreciation for beauty. By 1908 Adams was an enormously curious and gifted child, and began a precarious and largely unsuccessful journey through the rigid structure of the public sc hool system. In 1914 Adams taught himself to play the piano and excelled at his serious study of music, however he despised the regimentation of a regular education, and was taken out of school. For that year, his father bought him a season pass to the Panama-Pacific Exposition, which he visited nearly every day, and began to receiveprivate scholastic instruction from tutors. In 1916 Adams convinced his parents to take a family vacation in Yosemite National Park. It was here that he took his first picture at the age of 14 with a box Brownie camera given to him by his parents. Ansel immediately developed an enthusiastic interest in both photography and the nati In 1931 he began writing a photography column for The Fortnightly. He could no longer keep up with orders for his prints or requests for him to exhibit. In 1932, Adams with Imogen Cunningham, Willard Van Dyke, Edward Weston, and other proponents of pure photography, founded Group f.64, and was part of the renowned Group f.64 e xhibition at the M. H. de Young Museum, San Francisco. In 1933 his son Michael was born and two years later his daughter Anne was born. Always striving to improve the field of photography he developed his Zone System technique of exposure and development control while teaching at the Art Center School in Los Angeles. For his accomplishments he was granted the GuggenheimFellowship, so that he could continue his photography. In 1949 he becomes a consultant to the newly founded Polaroid Corporation. For many years he continued to photograph commercially, most extensively for Universities in California. In 1959 he moderated a series of five films for television, once again demonstrating h On April 22 1984 AnselEaston Adams died of heart failure aggravated by cancer. Major stories appeared on all primary television networks and on the front page of most newspapers nationwide. A commemorative exhibition and memorial celebration was held in Carmel. California Senators Alan Cranston and Pet e Wilson sponsored successful legislation to create an Ansel Adams Wilderness Area of more than 100,000 acres between Yosemite National Park and the John Muir Wilderness Area.

Review - Revolting Librarians Redux: Radical Librarians Speak Out :: Essays Papers

Review - Revolting Librarians Redux Radical Librarians Speak OutWho atomic number 50 resist a guard with a chapter titled, Labia Lumps, Chunky Discharge, and different Things They Never Taught Me in Library School? Released this past summer, Revolting Librarians Redux Radical Librarians Speak Out takes no prisoners as its contributors ponder everything from the backtracking of 60s values by ALAs baby boomers to librarian imagery in erotica. This edited volume is a sequel to a 1972 self-published book titled Revolting Librarians. The original is worth checking start for its historical value alone. The editors of the 2003 volume, Katia Roberto and Jessamyn West gathered essays from ten of the original writers from the 1972 book for this version and it is interesting to see what thirty years has done to these radical librarians.The book contains some(prenominal) of what you would expect in a book by revolting librarians. There are the requisite essays on the suppression of civil li berties through the nationalist Act along with essays detailing the problem of cultural representation in the Library of Congress Subject Headings. And of course, theres something both by and about Sandy Berman, a living legend among progressive librarians. But there are also quite a few surprises. Ever curious about the astrological breakdown of librarians? Youll find an extensive article complete with enough statistics to make you break out your notes from IRLS 506. Leos dominate the field, with Aquarians an astrological minority. Another notable essay concerns what services librarians can offer to day laborers.From my perspective as a library graduate student, however, my attention was drawn to the section titled Library School is Revolting. This collection of essays explores questions such(prenominal) as Are we really learning the practical skills necessary to be librarians, such as public relations and professional writing? and Is accreditation really a big deal? While I felt f ortunate that some of the not-so-subtle digs at library schools didnt really apply too heavily to SIRLS, some of it is familiar enough to make you laugh (or cry).I also felt myself drawn to essays that dealt with the everyday work lives of these revolting librarians. I have not been in the library world my whole life. In fact, I applied to library school less than one month after the idea of becoming a librarian occurred to me for the very first time. Any writings that describe the real world of librarianship, therefore, pique my interest.